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BMA1901-Module 4 > Mod4-Obj1: The cerebrum > Flashcards

Mod4-Obj1: The cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain

  • Divided along the midline into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
  • Separated from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure
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2
Q

Cerebrum

A

Characterised by ridges (gyrus, gryi) and grooves (sulcus, sulci), increases the surface area, thus its functional capacity
-Each hemisphere is divided by sulci into five lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

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3
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Each hemisphere is divided into structurally and functionally distinct regions

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4
Q

Cerebral hemisphere: Gray matter

A

An outer layer of gray matter (2-4mm thick) cortex (neuron cell bodies)

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5
Q

Cerebral hemispheres: white matter

A

A deeper region of white matter (fibres/axons)

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6
Q

Cerebral hemispheres: basal nuclei

A

Clusters of grey matter deep within the white matter

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7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Location of the conscious mind

  • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing
  • Localises and interprets sensory input
  • Regulation of skeletal muscle activity (voluntary motor area)
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8
Q

The cortex of each cerebral hemisphere has 3 functional areas

A
  1. ) Motor areas
  2. ) Sensory areas
  3. ) Association areas
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9
Q

The cortex of each hemisphere…

A
  • Deals with the sensory and motor functions of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
  • Has distinct functions (lateralisation)
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10
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A
  • 90% of people are represented by the diagram = left cerebral dominance
  • 10% of people have the reverse = right cerebral dominance
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11
Q

Left-brain functions

A
  • Analytic thought
  • Logic
  • Language
  • Science and maths
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12
Q

Right-brain functions

A
  • Holistic thought
  • Intuition
  • Creativity
  • Art and music
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13
Q

The primary motor cortex

A

Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe

-Plans and initiates all voluntary motor activity

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14
Q

The primary motor cortex contains…

A

The cell bodies of upper motor neurons of somatic motor pathways

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15
Q

The primary motor cortex directs…

A

Movement of skeletal muscles via somatic motor pathways, which control the contralateral side of the body

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16
Q

Specific areas of the primary motor cortex are devoted to…

A

Controlling specific parts of the body

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17
Q

The amount of motor cortex devoted to controlling a body part is…

A

Indicative of the complexity and precision of the movements of the body

e. g.) hands and face
- More neurons involved the greater distributed of neurons in the motor cortex

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18
Q

The primary motor cortex: Premotor area (motor association area)

A

Co-ordinates muscles involved in learned motor activity, e.g.) typing

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19
Q

The motor cortex: Broca’s area

A

Located in the motor association area

  • Co-ordinates the muscles involved in speech generation
  • In only one hemisphere
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20
Q

The motor cortex

Frontal eye field

A

Located in the motor association area

-Co-ordinated muscles involved in eye movements

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21
Q

Each of the 3 areas of the motor cortex (association area):

A
  1. ) Contain “memory banks” for complex motor activities
  2. ) Co-ordinate the movement of several muscle groups
  3. ) Act via the primary motor cortex
22
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex:

A

e. g.) stoke (ischaemic tissue damage)
- Paralyses the skeletal muscles controlled by the damaged area-voluntary movements only, not reflexive movement (which usually only involves the spinal cord not the motor cortex)

23
Q

Damage to the premotor cortex

A

Loss of motor skills programmed by the damaged region but discrete movements unhindered
e.g.) typing area damaged=unable to type quickly but able to make the same discrete movements-able to reprogram another set of premotor neurons (relearn the activity)

24
Q

The sensory cortex

A

The primary sensory and association areas are located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

  • Concerned with the conscious awareness of sensation
  • Somatosensory (general sensory) stimuli e.g.) touch, pain ect.
  • Special sensory stimuli e.g.) vision, taste
25
Q

Sensory and association areas include:

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Visual cortex
  • Auditory cortec
  • Olfactory and gustatory cortex
  • Visceral sensory area
  • Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex
  • General interpretive are (Wernicke’s area)
26
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobes

-Information from one side of the body reaches the contalateral sensory cortex after passing through the thalamus

27
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex: Receives somatosensory information via multi-neuron sensory pathways from…

A
  1. ) General sensory receptors in the skin (e.g. touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature)
  2. ) Proprioceptors in skeletal muscles, joints and tendons (body position)
28
Q

Specific areas of the primary somatosensory cortex are devoted to analysing sensory information from specific body parts

A
  • Stimulus destination indicates site of origin
  • The amount of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region is related to that region’s sensitivity
    (i. e. the more sensory receptors an area has”greater sensitivity”a larger area of the cortex required to analyse incoming information)
29
Q

The somatosensory association area

A

Located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
-Interprets incoming sensory information by comparing it to stored memories of past sensory experiences

30
Q

Damage to the somatosensory association area…

A

Los the ability to identify objects by touch alone

-Need another sense such as visual information, to identify an object

31
Q

Special sensory cortices: Visual areas-Occipital lobes

A 
Visual cortex
-Receives impulses from the retinas
-Damage: functional blindness
visual association area
-Interprets visual images
-Damage: Failure to recognise objects
32
Q

Special sensory cortices: Auditory areas-Temporal lobes

A 
Auditory cortex 
-Receives impulses from inner ear 
-Damage: deafness
Auditory association area
-Interprets auditory stimuli 
-Damage: failure to recognise what is heard
33
Q

Special sensory cortices: Olfactory cortex-Temporal lobe

A

Conscious awareness of odour

34
Q

Special sensory cortices: Gustatory cortex-Insula (deep to the temporal lobe)

A

Perception of taste stimuli

35
Q

Special sensory cortices: Visceral cortex-Insula

A

Perception of visceral sensations

e.g.) upset stomach, full bladder

36
Q

Special sensory cortices: Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex-insula

A

Awareness of balance

37
Q

General interpretive area: Wenicke’s area

A

Generally in the left temporal lobe (same side as Broca’s area)

  • Linked to Broca’s area (motor speech area)
  • Integrates information from sensory, visual and auditory areas
  • Recognition and understanding of spoken and written language
38
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area

A

Affects ability to interpret visual and auditory information

i.e.) aphasia (inability to understand language or even speak, read and write)

39
Q

Multimodal association area

A

Located in the prefrontal cortex

  • Most complicated cortical area
  • Coordinates information from all association areas
40
Q

Multimodal association area is involved in…

A

intellect, complex learning abilities, recall and personality

  • Working memory-abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, planning
  • Maturation associated with environmental interaction over time
41
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

Responsible for communication between hemispheres and between the cerebral cortex and other CNS areas
-Predominantly made up of myelinated fibre tracts

42
Q

Cerebral white matter: Commissures

A

Connect the two hemispheres

e.g.) corpus callosum

43
Q

Cerebral white matter: Association fibres

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

44
Q

Cerebral white matter: Projection fibres

A

Connect cerebral cortex with other CNS areas

45
Q

Cerebral basal nuclei

A

Concentration of gray matter (nuclei) deep within each cerebral hemisphere

  • Communicate with the motor areas of the cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Help to control the intensity of skeletal muscle movements executed by the primary motor cortex-dampen muscle activity to facilitate smooth movement
46
Q

Cerebral basal nuclei activity…

A

Regulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine (decreases basal nuclei activity)

  • Overactivity: Movement impaired, e.g.) Parkinson’s disease
  • Under-activity: Excessive movement, e.g.) Huntington’s disease
47
Q

The cerebrum summary

A

Largest part of the brain, divided into 2 hemispheres each with similar and distinct functions

48
Q

The cerebrum summary: functions of the cerebral cortex (gray matter)

A
  • Conscious thought processes and intellectual functions
  • Controlling voluntary skeletal muscle activity
  • Localising and interpreting sensory input
  • Emotional processing
  • Memory processing and storage
49
Q

The cerebrum summary: functions of the white matter include

A

Communication via fibre tracts

50
Q

The cerebrum summary: functions of the basal nuclei

A

Control intensity of (dampen) skeletal muscle activity to facilitate smooth movement

BMA1901-Module 4 (7 decks)

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