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BIO LIFE MACHINERY > Mod001: What is life? > Flashcards

Mod001: What is life? Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is life define?

A
  • they are composed of a same set of element
  • Grow and change
  • Respond to eviromental stimuli
  • Composed/ made of cell
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2
Q

Different life origin theory

A
  • Miller_Urey expierement: primordial soup that create some building block of life
  • Asteroid containing amino acids( life start from space)
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3
Q

How long ago did life begin?

A

about 3.5 billion years ago

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4
Q

How is the begining of life dated

A

via carbon dating Stromatolies

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5
Q

What is life made up of?

A

It is made up of 30 different elements, with four major one: C,H,O,N
*Carbon can made up to four different bond

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6
Q

Sturcture of water molecule?

A

Oxygen is an anion while hydrogen is cations. This cause the oxygen and hydrogen of different water molecule to attract each other due to different charge.
=> This is hydrogen bond

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7
Q

What is the relationship of water and other biological molecule?

A

Water molecules surround ions and molecules through ionic interactions and can maintain them in solution

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8
Q

Basic of Nuceilic acid?

A

-DNA stand for deoxyribose nuceilic acid
-Made up of 4 nuceilotide: A-T, C-G
-RNA stand for Ribose nuceilic acid
- In RNA, T(Thymine) is replace by U(Uricil)
Both form long chain that doesnt branch out.

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9
Q

Basic of nucleotide?

A
  • CTU are pyramidines( singe ring structure)
  • A,G are Purines ( double ring structure)
  • A-T have 2 H bond while C-G have 3
  • Base+ Deoxyribose/ribose + Phosphate= Nucleotide
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10
Q

Different between Deoxyribose and Ribose?

A

Deoxyribose have H2 connected to Carbon2 while Ribose have an OH connection in Carbon 2

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11
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • Double stranded
  • Made up of A-T, C-G
  • contain coding and non coding zone
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12
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • Single stranded but can form bond
  • Made up of: A-U, C-G
    There are many type: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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13
Q

Role of mRNA

A

Transport encoded info

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14
Q

Role of Protein

A
  • Transport
  • Enzyme
  • Conraction
  • hormone
  • Structural
  • Defense
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15
Q

Basic of Amino acids?

A
  • 20 different amino acid made up protein, split into 2 group: hydrophbic and hydrophillic
  • Create protiein via condensation reaction result in peptide bond
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16
Q

Structure level of protein

A
  • Primary: chain of polypeptide
  • Secondary; hydrogen bond, form helix and beta plated sheet
  • Tertiary: final form a polypeptide chain could take
  • Quadtenary: many polypeptide chain join together
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17
Q

Role of Carbohydrate

A
  • source of chemical energy
  • form structural components
  • some of the most abundantorganic compounds in nature
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18
Q

Basic of Carbohydrate

A
  • have the general formula (CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms
  • basic subunit is a sugar molecule or saccharide
  • three main groups of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides& polysaccharides
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19
Q

Basic of Monosaccharides

A
  • They are simple sugar found throughout biology as building blocks of biologycal molecule, carbon intermadiate and storage of energy
  • different monosaccharides are identify by the their number of carbon and deiffrent OH placement
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20
Q

Basic of Disaccharides

A

-A disaccharide is produced from the union of two monosaccharides via condensation reaction

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21
Q

Type of Disaccharides

A
  • Maltose= Glucose+Glucose
  • Lactose= Glucose+Galactose
  • Surcose=Glucose+Fructose
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22
Q

Role of polysaccharide

A

Mainly structural or storage Biomolecule

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23
Q

Some example of polysaccharide and their role?

A

Starch:
•Polysaccharides of glucose
•Primary energy storage compound in plants
Chitin:
•A major component of fungal cell walls and exoskeleton of arthropods
Cellulose:
•Linear polysaccharide of glucose &Major structure of plant cell walls
Glycogen:
•Multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage•The main form of glucose storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria

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24
Q

Basic of Lipid

A

•insoluble in water
•dissolve readily in organic solvents
•composed mainly of C, H and O
•differ from carbohydrates due to a smaller proportion of oxygen•
may contain other elements (e.g. phosphorus and nitrogen)

25
Q

Common Lipids in biology

A

Wax
Fat(trygycerol)
Long fatty acid chain

26
Q

Role of lipids

A

Form Phospholipid bilayer
Energy reserve
In marine mammal, a lipid called bullber is use to store energy, retain heat and bouyancy

27
Q

Role of transporter

A

Transporters enable selective movement of molecules across the phospholipid bilayer

28
Q

How can a molocule move through a membrane

A
  • diffusion

- facilitated transport which include active and secondary transport

29
Q

Difference of prokaryote vs eukaryote?

A
  • Prokaryotes doesnt have nucleus while eukaryotes do
  • Prokaryotes are smaller(1-10 micron) Eukaryotes(10-100 micron)
  • Prokaryotes have 70s ribosom(55 protein+ 3 rRNA) while eukaryotes have 80s(80 protein+ 4 rRNA)
  • flagelum in pro is made up of 1 protein while eu have up to hundreds
30
Q

How often do Prokaryotes replicate and how

A

-Once every 20 mins via binary fission

31
Q

Why is Prokaryotes ribosome are frequent drug target?

A

to inhibits protein translation, often truncating the protein or producing an aberrant or non-functional protein

32
Q

Prokaryotic diversity?

A

Spontaneous mutations occur at high frequencies in prokaryotes, generating enormous biochemical diversity

33
Q

How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

A

•The two central biological processes in Archaea, genetic transcription and translation, are more similar to those of eukaryotes than bacteria
.•Features of the Archaean lipids and their membranes are unusual and Archaea lack a peptidoglycan wall.
•Most Archaea were believed to be extremophiles
•Archaea have not been found to produce resting spores
•As of 2020, no clear examples of Archaean pathogens are known

34
Q

Impact of cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthesise=> The great oxygenation event

35
Q

Some of prokaryotes role in human society?

A
  • Create human hormones

- Help to modify plant genome( create GMO)

36
Q

Nucleus -command centre of the cell

A

•Surrounded by a double membrane or nuclear envelope
.•Presence of nuclear (annular) pores(50 nm in diameter)
.•nucleolus= subregion of nucleus containing (transcribing) ribosomal genes (ribosomal biogenesis)

37
Q

DNA in the nucleus

A

•DNA in long strands covered with histones = chromosomes•
different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes
•RNA transcribed from DNA leaves nucleus via pores and is translated in the cytoplasm

38
Q

Mitochondria –power plant of the cell

A
  • Cells may contain several of these organelles or have a single, large mitochondrion.
  • They are surrounded by two membranes, an outer membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane, whose inward projections are called cristae. •Mitochondria carry out the aerobic respirationof all eukaryotic cells
39
Q

Chloroplasts –energy catchers of plant cells

A

•Cells may contain one or many chloroplastsper cell.
•They are surrounded by two membranes, an outer membrane plus an inner membrane that forms a complex internal network of lamellae or thylakoids
.•The photosynthetic pigments are located within the thylakoids
.•Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, or the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

40
Q

What are the origins of nucleus

A

The nucleus may have formed from invaginations of the plasma membrane around the nucleoid of an ancient prokaryote

41
Q

What are the origins of mitochondria

A

Mitochondria arose from primary endosymbiosis of a purple bacteria

42
Q

What are the origins of Chloroplast

A

Chloroplasts arose from primary endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacteria

43
Q

Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A
  1. These organelles appear morphologically similar to bacteria.
  2. They are surrounded by an outer membrane similar to a cell membrane while their inner membrane invaginates to form lamellae or cristae.
  3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi-autonomous, retaining their own genome (DNA, RNA).
  4. They also retain their own machinery for synthesizing proteins, including ribosomes.
  5. Their metabolism is like existing prokaryotic organisms (cyanobacteria for chloroplast and a purple bacteria for mitochondrion).
  6. The chloroplasts in some species still have the bacterial peptidoglycan wall between the inner and outer membranes (for example, Cyanophora).
44
Q

Secondary (or eukaryotic) endosymbiosis

A
  • A chloroplast derived from an endosymbiotic, eukaryotic cell rather than a prokaryote
  • Several protist groups such as euglenoids, dinoflagellates and haptophytes obtained chloroplasts this way
45
Q

How can one tell if a chloroplast has been obtained by the processes of secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The remain of membrane (have up to 3 or 4 membrane)

46
Q

The Endomembrane system

A

A system of compartments that includes all of the membrane-bound components of the cell (including the nuclear envelope) except for the mitochondria, chloroplasts and microbodies.

47
Q

Major functions of intracellular membranes

A
  • Provide a surface for biochemical reactions.
  • Establish a number of compartments to prevent mixing.
  • Provide for transport of materials within the cell, from the cell to its exterior, or from the cell to an adjacent cell.
48
Q

Things to remember about membranes

A
  • They always enclose a space –a cisterna or vesicle. •Membranes are never open-ended, unless the cell is damaged.
  • Membranes have the consistency of olive oil in water
49
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • Considered the heart of the endomembrane system
  • Consists of membrane CISTERNAE that ramify through the cytoplasm. The result is internal compartments and channels.
  • The ER is a dynamic structure, ever changing in structure and function.
  • The ER provides surfaces for the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and lipids
  • These biomolecules are then secreted throughout the endomembrane
50
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • functions: collection, packaging, and distribution and secretion of molecule
  • Consists of flattened stacks of membrane called Golgi stacks. Collectively, all the Golgi stacks in a cell are called the Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi stacks are functional extensions of the ER and constantly receive vesicles from the ER. Golgi are polar structures. Vesicles arrive at the cis face (receiving) and leave at the trans face (shipping).
  • Proteins, glycoproteins, and other molecules formed in the ER are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles to be biochemically modified (e.g. sugars trimmed & added)
  • Polysaccharides are also formed here
  • Many molecules such as hormones and digestive enzymes exit the Golgi in secretory vesicles and then exit the cell via exocytosis.
  • Other molecules are packaged into vesicles such as lysosomes and remain within the cell.
51
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Recycle bins of the animal cell,surrounded by single membrane.
  • Break down material ingested by endocytosis or recycle old organelles (autophagy).
  • Acidic interior and approximately 40 different hydrolytic enzymes derived from the rough ER and Golgi.
52
Q

Plant vacuoles

A
  • The plant equivalent of lysosomes, surrounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast.
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes and serveas degradative compartments.
  • Vacuoles also perform a diverse range of other functions –storage of nutrients, pigments and maintenance of cell turgor pressure.
53
Q

Microbodies

A
  • Another “recycle bin” found in both animal and plant cells.
  • Similar in size to lysosomes and alsosurrounded by a single membrane, but contains enzymes derived from free ribosomes in the cytoplasm (not the rough ER), thus they are not considered part of the endomembrane system.
  • NeutralpH; contain oxidative enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the enzyme catalase to break down the H2O2.
  • Two types: peroxisomes(break down amino acids) and glyoxysomes(break down fatty acids).
54
Q

What is the origin of the endomembrane system

A

The rough ERmay have formed from invaginations of ribosome-bearing plasma membrane around the early nucleus; this ER could then have evolved into the full endomembrane system

55
Q

The cytosol

A
  • Site of numerous biochemical process
  • Many biochemical intermediates are shuttled and often converted during the transition
  • The space between organelles and endomembrane
  • Protein biosynthesis (polysomes)
  • Cytoskeleton
56
Q

The Cytoskeleton

A
  • Components of the cytoskeleton are composed of protein, NOT membrane.
  • Cytoskeletal components act as a form of scaffolding or as structural elements within the cytoplasm of cells.
57
Q

Cytoskeletal components: microtubules and actin filaments

A
  • Made of protein subunits:
  • tubulin for microtubules
  • actin for actin filaments.
  • Form stiff structures that do not branch or contract.
  • Polar and highly dynamic structures.
  • Polymerize and depolymerize to satisfy the cells needs.
  • Cell movements are generated by “motor proteins”associated with actin filaments and microtubules
58
Q

How does DNA replicate

A
  • semi conservative
  • the leading strand is copied continuously
  • the lagging strand is copied one section at a time
59
Q

Rough ER vs Smooth ER

A

•If ribosomes are attached to the ER, it is called ROUGH
ER
.
•If the ribosomes are not attached to the ER, it is referred to as SMOOTHER
.

BIO LIFE MACHINERY (5 decks)

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