MoD: Tumours Flashcards
What are some histogenic classifications within tumours?
Epithelial cells- carcinomas
Connective tissues- sarcomas
Lymphoid/ haematopoietic organs- lymphomas/ leukaemias
What does the GRADE of a tumour measure?
How differentiated it is.
Well differentiated= low grade/ grade 1
Poorly differentiated= high grade/ grade 3
What does the STAGE of a tumour measure?
A measure of the extent of disease
Define metastasis
Spread of a tumour to sites physically discontinuous with primary tumour
(different pathways of metastasis…)
What is Direct seeding?
Neoplasm penetrates a natural open field without physical barriers eg)peritoneal cavity, pleural, pericardial, subarachnoid.
Can remain confined to surface of peritoneal structures without penetrating.
(different pathways of metastasis…)
What is Lymphatic spread?
Most common pathway
Pattern of lymph node involvement follows the routes of lymphatic drainage.
(different pathways of metastasis…)
What is Haematogenous spread?
Typical of sarcomas.
Bloodborne cells follow the venous flow draining site of the neoplasm. Often come to rest at the first encountered capillary bed.
Liver (portal) and lungs (caval) most frequently involved
What is the stroma and what does it provide?
A connective tissue framework that neoplastic cells are embedded in.
Provides: Mechanical support, intercellular signalling and nutrition.
What is a desmoplastic reaction?
Fibrous stroma formation due to induction of connective tissue fibroblast proliferation by growth factors from the tumour cells.
What does a stroma contain?
Cancer-associated fibroblasts
Myofibroblasts
Blood vessels
Lymphocytic infiltrate
Benign tumour of surface (non-glandular/non-secretory) epithelium?
PapillOMA
Benign tumor of glandular/ secretory epithelium?
AdenOMA
Malignant epithelial tumors?
Carcinomas (eg from secretory epithelium= adenocarcinoma)
Benign mesenchymal tumors?
-oma (preceded by tissue of origin eg from bone= osteoma)
Malignant mesenchymal tumors?
Sarcomas (prefixing with mesenchymal tissue of origin, eg malignant tumour of cartilage = chondrosarcoma)
What is the WHO Grading (I-IV) or CNS Tumours?
Grade I- tumors slow-growing, nonmalignant
Grade II- tumors relatively slow-growing, nonmalignant or malignant
Grade III- tumors malignant
Grade IV- tumors reproduce rapidly, aggressive malignant
What is a myeloma?
Tumor of the plasma cells
What is a hamartoma?
Benign, non-neoplastic tissue overgrowth.
Indigenous to site but disorganised mass. (eg lung hamartoma= bronchial epithelium and cartilage)
Examples of malignant tumours which have seemingly benign names?
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Myeloma
Lymphoma
Name:
a) benign smooth muscle tumour
b) benign striated muscle tumour
c) benign adipose tissue tumour
a) Leiomyoma (if malignant= leiomyosarcoma)
b) Rhabdomyoma
c) Lipoma
In terms of carcinogens, what does genotoxic and non-genotoxic mean?
Genotoxic- can commonly modify or damage DNA (Initiators)
Non-genotoxic- induce proliferation and DNA replication (Promotors)