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Paramedic AEC > Mod II > Flashcards

Mod II Flashcards

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1
Q

Dyspnea

A

An abnormality of breathing rate, pattern, or effort. May cause or be caused by hypoxia. Prolonged without intervention may cause anoxia.

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2
Q

Anoxia

A

Absence or near absence of oxygen. Premorbid. Brain can only survive 4-6 Minutes in this state.

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3
Q

Upper Respiratory Issues

A

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction, Swelling from anaphylaxis or burns, Epiglottitis, Croup

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4
Q

Coughing

A

Forceful exhalation of large volume of air from lungs. Performs protective function in expelling foreign material from lungs.

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5
Q

Sneezing

A

Sudden, Forceful exhalation from the nose. Usually caused by nasal irritation.

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6
Q

Hiccoughing

A

Hiccup Sudden Inspiration caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm with spastic closure of glottis. It serves no known physiologic purpose.

Occasionally associated with acute MI on inferior surface of heart.

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7
Q

Sighing

A

Slow, deep involuntary inspiration followed by prolonged expiration, hyper inflates lungs and re expands atelactic alveoli.

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8
Q

Grunting

A

Forceful expiration occurs against partially closed epiglottis. Usually sign of respiratory distress.

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9
Q

Pulsus Paradoxus

A

Drop in blood pressure greater than 10 torr, due to increased pressure in thoracic cavity impairing ability of ventricles to fill. Indicative of severe obstructive lung disease.

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10
Q

Biot’s Respiration’s

A

Irregular pattern of rate & depth with sudden, periodic episodes of apnea. Indicates increased cranial pressure.

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11
Q

Cheyene-Stokes Respirations

A

Progressively deeper, faster breathing alternating gradually with shallow, slower breathing. Indicative of brain stem injury.

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12
Q

Kussmauls Respirations

A

Deep, slow or rapid gasping breathing. Commonly found in diabetic ketoacidosis.

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13
Q

Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation

A

Deep, Rapid respiration’s indicating increased intracranial pressure.

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14
Q

Agonal Respirations

A

Shallow, slow, infrequent breathing indicating brain anoxia.

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15
Q

Esophageal Intubation

A

Absence of a wave form or presence of a small disorganized wave form, indicates esophageal intubation.

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16
Q

Curare Cleft

A

Appears when neuromuscular blockers begin to subside. The depth of the cleft is inversely proportional to the degree of drug activity.

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17
Q

Rebreathing

A

Can result in failure of the capnogram to meet the baseline. This can be due to hyperventilation or to problems in the breathing circuit.

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18
Q

Obstructive Disease

A

Obstructive pulmonary diseases such as Asthma, COPD, obstruct air entry, and alter the shape of the capnogram. These diseases give the typical “shark fin” shape to the capnogram.

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19
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Results in CO2 retention and a progressive elevation in exhaled CO2 Levels.

20
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Leads to elimination of CO2 and a progressively lowered exhaled CO2 Level.

21
Q

Gradual Increase in ETCO2

A 
Caused by 
Rising body temp
Hypoventilation
CO2 Absorption
Partial airway obstruction
Reactive airway disease
22
Q

Gradual Lowering of ETCO2

A

Hypovolemia
Decreasing Cardiac Output
Decreasing body temp
Drop in metabolism

23
Q

Sudden increase in ETCO2

A

Accessing an area of the lung previously obstructed
Release of tourniquet
Sudden increase in blood pressure

24
Q

Change in CO2 Baseline

A

Calibration Error
Water Droplet in analyzer
Mechanical failure of vent

25
Q

Exponential Decrease of CO2

A

Pulmonary Embolism
Cardiac Arrest
Hypotension
Severe Hyperventilation

26
Q

Sudden Decrease of ETCO2 (not to zero)

A

Leak in ventilator system, obstruction
Partial disconnect of vent circuit
Partial airway obstruction

27
Q

Sudden drop of ETCO2 to 0

A

Esophageal intubation
Ventilator disconnect
Defect in CO2 Analyzer

28
Q

CaO2

A

Arterial Oxygen concentration

29
Q

Hypoxia Drive

A

Default drive activated when body becomes accustomed to hypoxemia. Increases respiratory stimulation when Pa02 falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when PaO2 climbs.

30
Q

Causes of upper airway obstruction

A

Tongue, foreign bodies, trauma, laryngeal spasm & edema, aspiration

31
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gas from an area of higher cocentration (partial pressure) to an area of lower concentration. Attempting to reach equilibrium.

32
Q

Atelectasis

A

Alveolar collapse when surfactant is insufficient or alveoli are not inflated.

33
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges take place.

34
Q

Bronchi

A

Branches of main tubes within lungs, tubes from trachea into lungs.

35
Q

Sinuses

A

Air filled cavities lined with mucus membranes.

36
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Highly vascular cartridge separating left and right nasal cavities.

37
Q

Upper Airway

A

Extends from mouth and nose to larynx

38
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

Waste product of the bodies metabolism.

39
Q

Oxygen

A

Gas necessary for energy production.

40
Q

Total Lung Capacity TLC

A

Max lung capacity, total amount of air contained in lung at end of maximal inspiration. Average adult male TLC is 6 liters.

41
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume FEV

A

Amount of air that can be maximally expired after max inspiration.

42
Q

Functional Residual Capacity FRC

A

Volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration. FRC = ERV+RV

43
Q

Residual Volume RV

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration.

44
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume IRV

A

The amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after normal inspiration.

45
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume ERV

A

Amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after normal expiration.

46
Q

Alveolar Minute Volume

A

Amount of gas that reaches alveoli for gas exchange in 1 minute.

VA-Min (VT-VD) x Respiratory rate
Or
VA - Min = Va x Respiratory rate.

Paramedic AEC (7 decks)

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