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RUSVM Mechanisms of Disease > MOD Final Exam Material > Flashcards

MOD Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common pancreatic tumor in dogs?

A

Insulin-secreting β-cell Pancreatic Tumor

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1
Q

T/F: Low cholesterol can be an indicator of liver dysfunction

A

True

High cholesterol on the other hand could indicate an inability to excrete cholesterol appropriately (would be seen with hepato-biliary disease and bile duct obstruction)

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2
Q

What is the #1 most common clinical sign associated with insulinomas in dogs?

A

Seizures!

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2
Q

AV fistulas result in increased blood volume in the left heart. As that heart muscle stretches out, what is a common sequela that is seen?

A

Mitral insufficiency

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2
Q

T/F: Somatotropin is responsible for protein synthesis, fat metabolism as an energy source, and gluconeogenesis

A

True

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2
Q

If you have normal forelimbs and UMN signs in the hindlimbs, which region of the spinal cord is most likely affected?

A

T3-L3

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3
Q

T/F: Cats suffer from Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

False

Cats typically suffer from Type II Diabetes Mellitus, not Type I

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3
Q

If you have LMN signs in the forelimbs and UMN signs in the hindlimbs, which region of the spinal cord is most likely affected?

A

C6-T2

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4
Q

What is the main cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Thyroid tumors: Adenomatous hyperplasia

These are typically benign and almost always bilateral

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5
Q

Congenital secondary hypothyroidism is most common in which breed of dog?

A

Giant Schnauzer

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6
Q

T/F: High levels of ammonia in the bloodstream are associated with hepatic encephalopathy

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: Hyperthyroidism is more common in cats than in dogs

A

True

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6
Q

List the common signs associated with LMN lesions:

A
  • Paresis or paralysis
  • Loss of muscle tone
  • Hyporeflexia (or areflexia)
  • Muscle atrophy (rapid & severe)
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7
Q

T/F: Cerebrocortical lesions result in contralateral deficits

A

True

So a lesion in the right cerebral cortex would present with signs on the left side of the body

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8
Q

What is considered the **test of choice **for assessing liver function?

A

Ammonia tolerance test

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8
Q

Which nerve is likely affected if a patient presents with a dropped lip, drooping ear, and loss of palpebral reflex?

A

Facial Nerve (VII)

*It also innervates the lacrimal and salivary glands so lesions might result in dry eyes (Schirmer tear test) and decreased salivary production. *

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9
Q

T/F: UMN and LMN lesions both result in paralysis or paresis

A

True

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10
Q

Which etiology is not likely to be associated with liver failure due to fibrosis?

  • Drugs (e.g. phenobarbital)
  • Endocrine (e.g. Cushing’s)
  • Cu toxicity
  • Toxicity (e.g. cycads)
A

Endocrine (e.g. Cushing’s)

This would be more ‘innocent bystander’ damage to the liver; vacuolar changes as a result of glycogen accumulation

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11
Q

Which breed of dog is most commonly affected by congenital pituitary dwarfism?

A

German Shepherd

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11
Q

Crossed-extensor reflex in a dog in lateral recumbency is indicative of a ____ lesion

(UMN/LMN)

A

UMN

*There are long spinal reflexes between limbs that are usually suppressed by UMNs. Damage to the UMNs releases this inhibition and flexion of one limb in response to a noxious stimulus is accompanied by extension of the contralateral limb. *

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11
Q

Which reflex tests the integrity of the pudendal nerve?

A

Perineal Reflex

*Pinching of the skin in the perineal region should result in contraction of the anus, lifting of the vulva and dropping of the tail. This tests the integrity of the pudendal nerve. *

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12
Q

T/F: With a central AV shunt, you should observe increased cardiac output and increased heart rate

A

True

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14
Q

The most likely etiology of hypoglycemia in an 8-year-old obese laborador with hindlimb weakness is:

  • Hepatic carcinoma
  • Portosystemic shunt
  • Low glycogen reserves
  • Insulinoma
A

Insulinoma

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15
Q

Inflammation of the gall bladder is termed:

A

cholecystitis

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16
Q

What is the most historically important clinical finding in Cushing’s?

A

Polyuria/Polydipsia

In practice, there is a tendency to be too suspicious of Cushing’s. If the animal is not PU/PD, they do not have Cushing’s

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16
Q

In which nerve are the efferent and afferent pathways of the patellar reflex?

A

Femoral nerve

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18
Q

T/F: All peristalsis requires intact myenteric plexus

A

True

Recall from physiology that the myenteric plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibers and cells situated within the muscular tissue layer. The synchronized contraction of the various enteric layers results in peristalsis

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18
Q

T/F: With a central AV shunt, you should observe an overall decrease in total peripheral resistance

A

True

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19
Q

Direct communication between an artery and vein that bypasses the capillary circulation is referred to as:

A

Arterio-venous Fistula (or malformation)

With an AV Fistula, the artery communicates directly with the main vein rather than branching off into arterioles, resulting in localized turbulent bloodflow

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20
Q

T/F: Calcitonin is released in response to decreased calcium, and acts to increase calcium

A

False

  • Calcitonin is released in response to increased calcium, and acts to decrease calcium*
  • “Calcitonin tones it down”*
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20
Q

T/F: Somatotropin will be released in response to hypoglycemia; hypersomatotropism can cause insulin resistance and hyperglycemia

A

True

We need to screen diabetic cats more for this condition. We will only really suspect hypersomatotropism in diabetic cats

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20
Q

A 2-year-old lab vomited once yesterday, ate dinner and seemed normal. The next day the owner came back and found more piles of vomit, some with food and some just fluid. The dog is more quite than usual but still BAR. What is your diagnosis based on history and radiographs?

  • Foreign body - partial obstruction
  • Foreign body - complete obstruction
  • Linear foreign body
  • Infiltrative neoplasia
A

Foreign body - complete obstruction

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20
Q

Which reflex tests the integrity of the sciatic nerve?

A

Cranial tibialis reflex

Here the belly of the cranial tibialis muscle is given a sharp tap and the hock should flex. This reflex tests the integrity of the sciatic nerve.

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21
Q

What is the most metabolically active thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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23
Q

T/F: Cortisol will cause hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis and decreasing glucose utilized by cells by decreasing insulin sensitivity

A

True

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24
Q

If there is extensive fibrosis and nodular regeneration in the liver, this would be described as:

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

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25
Q

If you have a patient with seizures, head pressing, and ataxia with concurrent increased ammonia, you can confirm hepatic encephalopathy. What is the cause of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Liver failure

This patient will likely either have liver cirrhosis or a portosystemic shunt!

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26
Q

List the common signs associated with UMN lesions:

A
  • Paralysis/paresis
  • Normal to hyperreflexia
  • Normal to increased muscle tone
  • Minimal (disuse) atrophy
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27
Q

Which facial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

29
Q

An adynamic state of gastrointestinal muscle is termed:

A

Ileus

30
Q

Which is not a contributory factor to insulin resistance in cats?

  • Acromegaly
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Obesity
  • Exercise
  • Glucagon
A

Exercise

31
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for arousal of the cerebrum?

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

33
Q

T/F: A dog with hyperadrenocorticism due to a pituitary tumor will have ↑ cortisol, ↓ ACTH, and ↓ CRH

A

Wrong, sucka!

The dog will have ↑ cortisol, ↑ ACTH, and ↓ CRH

If you have a pituitary dependent adenoma or hyperplasia, there will be increase in cortisol. This change is typically the result of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to an increase in ACTH. But because of the feedback effect at the level of the hypothalamus, the corticotropin-releasing hormone will decrease

33
Q

A cat diagnosed with acromegaly will most likely have which additional endocrinopathy?

A

Diabetes mellitus

34
Q

What hematological abnormalities do we expect in cirrhotic liver failure and is a prognosticator of outcome?

  • polycythemia
  • prolonged aPTT
  • shortened aPTT
  • thrombocytosis
  • inflammatory leukogram
A

prolonged aPTT

36
Q

The adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa secretes which hormone?

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

If you have UMN signs in all four limbs, which region of the spinal cord is most likely affected?

A

C1-C6

37
Q

The myxedema seen in this labrador is associated with which endocrine disorder:

A

hypothyroidism

38
Q

Which reflex tests the integrity of the pudendal nerve?

A

Perineal reflex

*Pinching of the skin in the perineal region should result in contraction of the anus, lifting of the vulva and dropping of the tail. This tests the integrity of the pudendal nerve *

38
Q

If you see an animal come in with stiff front legs and reduced muscle tone in the the back legs, what is this known as?

A

Schiff-Sherrington Syndrome

*Following damage (usually severe) to the spinal cord (T3 to L3) the forelimbs may become rigidly extended with marked increase in extensor tone. Voluntary movement is still present although markedly reduced by the hypertonia. Ascending spinal cord tracts in the spinal cord from L1 to L5 inhibit extensor muscles of the thoracic limbs. Transection of these pathways removes the inhibition and results in extension of the thoracic limbs. *

40
Q

The most common cause of hyperlactatemia is:

A

hypoperfusion of the liver

Hyperlactatemia is an important prognostic indicator in terms of hypertension and perfusion. It is seen in things like voluvlus and gastric dilatation

41
Q

T/F: ↑ Thyroid hormone can result in ↑ fat, carbohydrate metabolism, basal metabolic rate, heart rate, strength of heart contraction, respiration and GI motility

A

True

43
Q

Which of the following is considered an indicator of liver failure (loss of function)?

  • ↑ ALT and AST
  • ↑ ALKP
  • ↑ BUN
  • Abdominal transudate with normal [Alb]
  • Anemia with icterus
  • ↑ [cholesterol]
A

Abdominal transudate with normal [Alb]

*Either albumin is low (causing a transudate) or there is so much portal hypertension from cirrhosis *

44
Q

T/F: Hormones can alter target organ protein synthesis but can not effect gene transcription

A

False

Hormones can alter target organ protein synthesis and gene transcription

45
Q

If you have normal forelimbs and LMN signs in the hindlimbs, which region of the spinal cord is most likely affected?

A

L4-S3

47
Q

T/F: Aldosterone is controlled by potassium concentration and angiotensin III

A

True

49
Q

T/F: Hypoadrenocorticism is most common in young to middle-aged, female dogs

A

True

51
Q

T/F: Coughing is commonly seen with left-sided congestive heart failure

A

True

52
Q

Which abdominocentesis would be most compatible with a non-strangulating obstruction?

A
53
Q

Which of the following will occur secondary to bowel obstruction?

  • Bowel wall edema
  • Luminal fluid accumulation oral to the obstruction
  • Hypermotility
  • Hypomotility
  • Pain
  • Extravasation of cells
A

all of these things

55
Q

T/F: Coughing is often seen with right-sided congestive heart failure

A

False

Coughing is often seen with _left_-sided congestive heart failure

57
Q

T/F: Hepatic arteriovenous malformation can result in neurological signs

A

True

‘Unprocessed’ blood will be entering systemic circulation (high in ammonia) and elevations in various compounds can result in impediment of neuronal function - _hepatic encephalopathy_

59
Q

What is the primary stimulus for peristalsis?

A

Distention of the GI tract

60
Q

The most common types of portosystemic shunts that we see in animals are:

A

Single Congenital Extrahepatic Shunts

61
Q

T/F: AV fistula formation may be associated with trauma

A

True

62
Q

Which reflex tests the integrity of the radial nerve?

A

Extensor carpi radialis reflex

This reflex tests the radial nerve and is obtained by percussing the belly of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Extension of the carpal joint should result.

63
Q

_______ is the site of intelligence and goal-directed behaviors in the brain

A

Thalamocortex

*The thalamocortex is the site of intelligence and goal-directed behaviors. Lesions here may cause compulsive circling, head pressing, a decrease or absence of awareness of what is going on around the animal. *

64
Q

T/F: Metabolism of glucose is considered [by Dr. Koster] the most important function of the liver

A

True

  • If you have to remove the liver from a patient, they would likely die of hyperglycemia before anything else*
  • Damn.*
65
Q

Name the condition associated with high flow shunts that is characterized by unoxygenated blood (that’s meant to go up to the lungs) being shunted into the general circulation, leading to cyanosis:

A

Eisenmenger Syndrome

Increased volume in pulmonary circulation results in pulmonary hypertension

66
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the dog?

A

Lymphocytic thyroiditis

67
Q

Schiff-Sherrington Syndrome is associated with a lesion in which portion of the spinal cord?

A

T3-L3

69
Q

T/F: Ascites is commonly seen with left-sided congestive heart failure

A

False

Ascites is commonly seen with _right_-sided congestive heart failure

70
Q

The most likely etiology of hypoglycemia in a 7 week old toy poodle is:

  • Hepatic carcinoma
  • Portosystemic shunt
  • Low glycogen reserves
  • Insulinoma
A

Low glycogen reserves

71
Q

Endocrine homeostasis is mainly controlled by which mechanism?

  • Hypothalamic, pituitary negative feedback
  • Paracrine control
  • Autonomous secretion
A

Hypothalamic, pituitary negative feedback

72
Q

What is the cause of acromegaly in dogs?

A

Excessive progesterone

Excessive progesterone (luteal phone or exogenous) will stimulate the mammary glands to release growth hormone, resulting in insulin resistance and a change in the dog’s appearance

74
Q

An owner calls about a 20-year-old QH gelding that has been rolling, pawing, and sweating for the past 2 hours. There is no previous history of illness.

What clinical syndrome is being demonstrated in this horse?

How would this be different that in other species?

A

Colic

Horses run a higher risk of gastric rupture because they can’t vomit!

75
Q

Which nerve is being tested with the extensor carpi radialis reflex?

A

Radial nerve

76
Q

T/F: Elevated liver enzymes are a good indicator of liver function

A

False

Elevated liver enzymes are a good indicator of liver _damage_

77
Q

~ ___% of the adrenal gland is destroyed before clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism become apparent

A

~ 85% of the adrenal gland is destroyed before clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism become apparent

78
Q

The diagnosis in a dog with a normal potassium and sodium concentration, but is hypotensive, hypoglycemic, with no cortisol stimulation on an ACTH stimulation test is:

  • Addisonian crisis
  • Atypical Addison’s disease
  • Septic shock
  • Glucagonoma
A

Atypical Addison’s disease

Recall that Atypical Addison’s disease is characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency alone. If we’re seeing normal sodium and potassium levels, we can determine that there is not a deficiency in mineralocorticoid

79
Q

When observing an animal’s mental status, what is the term used to describe an animal that is severely depressed but can be aroused with painful stimuli?

A

Stupor

80
Q

The most likely etiology of hypoglycemia in a 6-month-old Yorkshire Terrier is:

  • Hepatic carcinoma
  • Portosystemic shunt
  • Low glycogen reserves
  • Insulinoma
A

Portosystemic shunt

81
Q

T/F: Feline hyperthyroidism can cause cardiomyopathy and hypertension

A

True!

82
Q

From where does the majority of the liver’s blood supply come from?

A

Portal vein (80%)

20% comes from the hepatic artery

84
Q

The most likely etiology of hypoglycemia in an 10-year-old Golden Retreiver with PU/PD and elevated ALT/ALKP is:

  • Hepatic carcinoma
  • Portosystemic shunt
  • Low glycogen reserves
  • Insulinoma
A

Hepatic carcinoma

86
Q

What is the most common site for AV malformation?

A

Liver

87
Q

T/F: Brain stem lesions result in contralateral deficits

A

False

Brainstem lesions result in ipsilateral deficits, so if there is a lesion on the left side of the brainstem, signs would appear on the left side of the animal

88
Q

Hepatic AV malformations can result in a lack of hepatotrophic factors from splanchnic circulation, which results in:

A

lack of development and function of the liver

  • hypoglycemia
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • hypocholesterolemia
  • hypokalemia
  • clotting factor deficiencies
  • stunted growth
  • etc.
89
Q

Which nerve is likely affected if a patient presents with head tilt and leaning?

A

Vestibular nerve

*Vestibular dysfunction is usually indicated by the presence of downward rotation of the head on the side of the lesion (head tilt); leaning, circling or falling to the affected side and involuntary oscillation of the eye (nystagmus). *

90
Q

T/F: In heart failure, the normal compensatory mechanisms activated by decreased cardiac output may be detrimental to the heart

A

True

In heart failure, the normal compensatory mechanisms activated by decreased cardiac output may be detrimental to the heart, causing further decline in cardiac output

91
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy of the heart is caused by:

A

chronic increased diastolic pressure (volume overload)

Eccentric hypertrophy is characterized by elongation of cells by addition of sarcomeres in series (end-to-end). This results in a larger ventricle with an increased chamber size, but with walls of normal thickness

92
Q

T/F: Eccentric hypertrophy is seen with volume overload

A

True

93
Q

T/F: Concentric hypertrophy is seen with volume overload

A

False

  • Concentric hypertrophy is seen with pressure overload*
  • ​Eccentric hypertrophy is seen with volume overload*
94
Q

During heart failure, you will see an increase in RAAS and a decrease in sympathetic tone

A

False

During heart failure, you will see an increase in both sympathetic tone and RAAS

95
Q

T/F: Cortisol increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin

A

False

Cortisol will cause hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis and decreasing glucose utilized by cells by decreasing insulin sensitivity

96
Q

When the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone (GH), this is termed:

A

Acromegaly

RUSVM Mechanisms of Disease (2 decks)

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