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my ESA2 > MOD factoids+definitions > Flashcards

MOD factoids+definitions Flashcards

0
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue/organ size due to increased cell numbers. (Only in labile/stable cells).
N.b. Response to increased functional demand or external stimulation. Reversible

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1
Q

Define Regeneration (cell adaptation)

A

Replacement of cell losses by identical cells in order to maintain the size of a tissue or organ

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2
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell size (not number).
N.b. Like plasia- response to increased functional demand/hormonal stimulation. Many tissues, but esp in permanent cell populations.
Due to more structural components

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3
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue/organ due to acquired decrease in cell number/size

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4
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another.
N.b.Metaplastic epithelium is fully differentiated

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5
Q

Define Hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment/incomplete development of a tissue/organ

N.b in a spectrum with aplasia. Compare to atrophy.

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6
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus has been removed

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7
Q

Define malignant neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus has been removed AND invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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8
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Pre-neoplastic (May not actually ever progress to neoplasm) alteration in which cells shows disordered tissue organisation. Change is reversible

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9
Q

Define metastasis

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

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10
Q

Define Oncosis

A

Cell death w/ swelling. The spectrum of changes that occurs in living cells prior to death

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11
Q

Define Necrosis

A

The morphological changes that follow cell death in living tissue

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12
Q

Define Apoptosis

A

Cell death with shrinkage- induced by regulated energy-dependant intracellular program where a cell activates enzymes that degrade its own DNA and proteins

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13
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Denaturation> degradation of protein. Ghost outline of cells. Solid organs- ischaemia/infarct
MI, dry gangrene

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14
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

Degradation>Denaturation of protein. Enzymatic digestion of tissues. Bacterial (wet gangrene), pus. Abscesses, cerebral infarct

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15
Q

What do you see in acute alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Focal hepatocyte necrosis, Mallory bodies and neutrophils

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16
Q

What do you see in cirrhosis?

A

Micronodules of regenerating hepatocytes surrounded by bands of collagen

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17
Q

Define Acute Inflammation

A

The innate, immediate and early response of living tissue to injury, initiated to localise tissue damage

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18
Q

Define Chronic Inflammation

A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

19
Q

Causes of Acute Inflammation

A

Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical and chemical agents, tissue necrosis

20
Q

What causes Rubour and Calor?

A

Vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries causing an increase in blood flow. Mediated by histamine and prostaglandins

21
Q

What causes Dolor?

A

histamine and bradykinin cause pain

22
Q

What causes tumor?

A

Exudation of fluid into tissues caused by increased permeability of vessels. Mediated by histamine and leukotrienes

23
Q

How does exudation combat injury?

A

Delivery of plasma proteins (Ig, fibrinogen, inflammatory mediators), increase in lymphatic drainage, dilutes toxins

24
Q

How does vasodilation help?

A

Raises temperature locally, increases delivery

25
Q

How does infiltration of cells help?

A

Removes pathogenic organisms and necrotic debris

26
Q

Local and Systemic consequences of AI?

A

Local- swelling, exudate, loss of fluid, pain and loss of function
Systemic- fever, acute phase response, leukocytosis, spread of infection-> septicaemia-> shock

27
Q

Sequelae of AI?

A

Resolution, suppuration, chronic inflammation with fibrosis, death

28
Q

Describe angio-oedema

A

Deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor- increased bradykinin- increased vascular permeability of endothelium- oedema

29
Q

Describe chronic granulomatous disease

A

Defect in NADPH oxidase, can’t perform oxidative burst, can’t kill some bacteria- frustrated phagocytosis, granulomas form to contain the bacteria

30
Q

Describe alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

A

Lots of trypsin cleaving proelastase to elastase in LUNGS- COPD. In LIVER- hepatitis as accumulation of antitrypsin

31
Q

Sequence of lobar pneumonia

A

Congestion, red hepatisation, grey hepatisation, resolution.
Strep pneumoniae.

32
Q

Effects of chronic inflammation?

A

Fibrosis (chronic cholecystitis, gastric ulceration), impaired function (inflamm bowel disease), atrophy, immune response (RA, granulomas)

33
Q

Define Granuloma

A

Group of two or more epithelioid histiocytes with a rim of lymphocytes

34
Q

What can cause granulomas?

A

Persistent low-grade antigenic stimulation e.g. Foreign material
Hypersensitivity (infections- TB, leprosy)
Unknown (sarcoidosis, wegeners, crohns)

35
Q

Define fibrous repair

A

Replacement of functional tissue with scar tissue

N.b. Involves- cell migration (inflamm, endothelial, myo/fibro), angiogenesis, ECM)

36
Q

Constituents of granulation tissue

A

Inflammatory cells, myo/fibroblasts, endothelial cells, capillaries and lymphatics, ECM proteins

37
Q

Define Haemostasis

A

The arrest of bleeding either by physiological properties of vasoconstriction or coagulation, or by surgical means

38
Q

Define Thrombosis

A

Inappropriate formation of a solid mass of blood within the circulatory system during life

39
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

Abnormalities of vessel wall (disturbs antithrombotic properties and nidus for platelet aggregation)
-atheroma, direct injury, hypertension, inflammation
Abnormalities of blood flow (stagnation, turbulence)
-AF, LV disjunction, venous obstruction, varicose veins
Abnormalities of blood components (hypercoaguability)
-smoking, postpartum, post-op, cancer

40
Q

Define Embolism

A

Blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid or gas at a site distant to its origin

41
Q

What is DIC?

A

Widespread activation of coagulation, generation of thrombi and subsequent Fibrinolysis- using up clotting factors and platelets.

42
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Decreased platelets. Can be immune (antibodies against glycoproteins on platelet membranes).
Causes- decreased production (BM problems, infections, drugs, metabolic disorders), decreased survival (drugs, immune destruction, DIC), sequestration by spleen, dilutational.

43
Q

What is thrombophilia?

A

Predisposition to thrombosis.

Caused by AT3 deficiency, protein c+s deficiency for example

44
Q

Define Atheroma

A

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipid in the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries

45
Q

Define Artherosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of arterial walls due to atheroma

46
Q

Define Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of artery and arteriole walls, usually due to hypertension or DM

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