MOD F

Question 1

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 1

-RNA nucleotides contain sugar ribose
-in RNA, nucleotide uracil pairs with Adenine
-RNA is single stranded

Question 2

Describe the steps to RNA synthesis (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Answer 2

-mRNA gets genetic info from DNA in nucleus specifying amino acid’s sequence in the protein
-tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes, to polypeptide chain
-rRNA Combines with proteins to form ribosomes (protein synth site)

Question 3

Define transcription and steps

Answer 3

Process of copying segment DNA to make an RNA molecule
1. Unzip specific region of DNA to be copied by anenzyme.
2. Enzyme RNA polymerase Binds with DNA promoter, moves along DNA strand, links together RNA nucleotides
3. after transcription ceases, the newly formed strand of RNA transcript is released from DNA

Question 4

Explain translation ; stages of initiation, elongation, termination

Answer 4

-process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA molecule

-I; ribosome binds to mRNA & identifies codon (AUG) to signal protein code sequence

-E; ribosome moves along mRNA molecule, reads codons, adds amino acids to growing protein chain

-T; ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA,UAG,UGA) signalling end of code sequence, protein is released from Amazon

Question 5

Define mutation, and describe how they might occur

Answer 5

-Change in DNA sequence that can alter the function of a gene
-Occurs spontaneously during DNA; whole sections of chromosomes are duplicated or deleted
-incorrect nucleotide pairing
-replication/external factors

Question 6

Explain how to insert a DNA molecule into a factor. Why is it important for bio technology?

Answer 6

Affector is a small piece of DNA that can replicate independently and is used to transfer DNA into a host cell.
The factor is cut with a restriction enzyme and is attached to a DNA molecule with the same restriction enzyme . DNA ligase is used to seal

Question 7

What are the steps to PCR?

Answer 7

1. DNA unzipped,Hydrogen bonds are broken to form single strands.
2. Strands are mixed with primers (Short pieces of nucleic acid), nucleotides, heat resistant DNA polymerase
3. Cooled to allow base pairing
4. Complementary strand forms for each single strand . Repeat, And each time the number of copies of DNA of interest is doubled.