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INTRGEN > MOD 7: Regulation of Gene Expressions in Eukaryotes > Flashcards

MOD 7: Regulation of Gene Expressions in Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

In bacteria, transcription and translation both take place in the __________

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

In bacteria, transcripts are readily translated into ___________

A

Proteins

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3
Q

In eukaryotes, this is associated with histones and other proteins to form the chromatin

A

DNA

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4
Q

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated __________ and __________

A

Spatially and temporally

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5
Q

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the __________, while translation occurs in the __________

A

Nucleus; cytoplasm

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6
Q

DNA are bound to __________ and form __________.

A

Histones; nucleosomes

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7
Q

Where is the DNA located?

A

Inside the nucleus

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8
Q

This refers to the discrete domain occupied by each chromosome within the interphase nucleus

A

Chromosome territory

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9
Q

Where are transcriptionally active genes located?

A

Edges of chromosome territories

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10
Q

These affect the regulation of genes

A

Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling

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11
Q

What is the basic unit of chromatin?

A

Nucleosome

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12
Q

This is the DNA wrapped around histone proteins

A

Nucleosome

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13
Q

What are the four histone proteins?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

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14
Q

This refers to how tight DNA are wound around histones, allowing for efficient packaging of DNA.

A

Compaction

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15
Q

Tightness of DNA-histone compaction regulates __________ to genetic information for transcription

A

Access

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16
Q

These refer to the protruding ends of histone proteins

A

Histone tails

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17
Q

This is referred to as the inhibitory conformation that involves the tight association of DNA with histones and other chromatin-binding proteins.

A

Closed chromatin

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In closed chromatin, access to the DNA by proteins is inhibited

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What are the four histone modifications?

A
  1. Methylation
  2. Acetylation
  3. Ubiquitination
  4. Phosphorylation
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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In DNA methylation, methylation happens on the DNA itself.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Where does DNA methylation in eukaryotes usually occur?

A

Position 5 of cystosine (5-methylcytosine)

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22
Q

This refers to the area in DNA that is rich in DNA methylations

A

CpG islands

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: DNA methylation activates gene expression.

A

FALSE; DNA methylation represses gene expression sometimes

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24
Q

What do you call the enzyme involved in DNA methylation?

A

DNA methyltransferase

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25
This is referred to as changes in terms of expression of traits; it is heritable and is not related to DNA sequences.
Epigenetics
26
These elements are required for the accurate and regulated transcription of genes transcribed by RNAP II
Cis-acting elements
27
Where are cis-acting DNA elements located?
On the same chromosome as the gene that they regulate
28
These factors can influence the expression of a gene on any chromosome
Trans-acting factors
29
This type of eukaryotic promoter refers to the minimum part of the promoter needed for accurate initiation of transcription
Core promoters
30
This type of eukaryotic promoter has the TATA box
Core promoters
31
This type of eukaryotic promoter is generally located up to 250 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site and contain binding sites for sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that modulate the efficiency of transcription
Proximal promoters
32
These promoters affect the regulation of gene factors
Core promoters
33
This type of core promoter has transcription initiation at a single specific start site; One promoter transcribing for one gene
Focused
34
This type of core promoter has direct initiation from a number of weak transcription start sites located over a 50- to 100- nucleotide region
Dispersed
35
This type of core promoter may give multiple transcripts for different proteins and variation
Dispersed
36
These are regions in the DNA that can happen either upstream or downstream
Enhancers and silencers
37
Where are enhancers and silencers located?
Near the promoter, forming association with the promoter
38
This promotes the expression of DNA by recruiting associated transcription factors on promoter region
Enhancer
39
This allows proteins to be formed to repress expression on the gene
Silencer
40
Eukaryotic transcription initiation is regulated by __________ that bind to __________
Transcription factors; cis-acting sites
41
Activator proteins bind to pieces of DNA called __________ that cause their DNA to bend, bringing them near a gene promoter
Enhancers
42
Other ____________ join the activator proteins, forming a protein complex which binds to the gene promter
Transcription factor proteins
43
The complex (transcription factor proteins + activator proteins) make it easier for the __________ to attach to the promoter and start transcribing a gene
RNA polymerase
44
A/An __________ can stop the enhancers from binding to the promoter, if a protein called __________ binds to it
Insulator; CTCF
45
This refers to the addition of a methyl group to the C nucleotides, allowing enhancers to bind to the promoter
Methylation
46
These refer to the binding sites along the promoter region
Cis-acting elemtns
47
This refers to the core promoter region
TATA
48
This gene has a lot of cis-acting regulatory sites and is dependent of presence of transcription factors
Metallothionein 2A gene
49
These interact with general transcription factors and affect chromatin structure
Activators and repressors
50
The mechanism of transcription activation and repression forms what?
The RNA polymerase II transcription initiation complex
51
TRUE OR FALSE: Regulation of alternative splicing determines which RNA splices forms of a gene are transcribed
FALSE; translated
52
TRUE OR FALSE: Gene expression is regulated by DNA stability and degradation
FALSE; It is regulated by mRNA stability and degradation
53
What happens to mRNAs and gene expression when mRNA stability and decay are modulated?
Aberrant mRNAs are eliminated and gene expression is regulated
54
An mRNA is capped at the __________ — __________
5’ end — 5’cap
55
The RNA is susceptible to degradation or decay by __________
Exoribonucleases
56
This enzyme removes poly-A
Deadenylase
57
In what direction does the exosome decay?
3’ —> 5’
58
TRUE OR FALSE: The exosome can only act if deadenylase has already removed the poly-A tail
TRUE
59
What does the decapping enzyme remove?
7-methylguanosine (m7G)
60
In what direction does the decapping enzyme decay?
5’ —> 3’
61
What protein helps the decapping enzyme?
XRN1 protein
62
TRUE OR FALSE: The decapping enzyme can only act if the m7G cap is removed
TRUE
63
TRUE OR FALSE: The exosome enzyme can only act if deadenylase has removed the m7G cap, while the decapping enzyme can only act if the poly-A-tail is removed.
FALSE; Exosome = poly-A tail Decapping = m7G cap
64
What are the two main subtypes of sncRNAs?
1. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 2. microRNAs (miRNAs)
65
This type of sncRNA originates from long, double-stranded RNA and can be found external to the nucleus
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
66
This type of sncRNA is derived from the DNA of the cell
microRNAs
67
This protein processes pri-miRNA and exports to the cytoplasm
Drosha
68
TRUE OR FALSE: Because siRNAs and miRNAs arise from different sources, their mechanisms of actions are also very different
FALSE; Their mechanisms of action are similar
69
What unwinds the siRNAs into single-stranded siRNAs and cleaves mRNAs complementary to the siRNA
RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
70
If the miRNA and mRNA are __________, the mRNA is destroyed. If there is a __________. translation is inhibited.
Perfectly complementary; partial match
71
If the miRNA and mRNA are __________, the mRNA is destroyed. If there is a __________. translation is inhibited.
Perfectly complementary; partial match
72
This is involved in RNA processing
Argonaute (AGO)
73
TRUE OR FALSE: IncRNAs do not have start and stop codons, indicating that they do not encode protein
TRUE
74
Match the letter to the descriptions below: A. Intergenic B. Intronic C. Antisense D. Bidirectional 1. Opposite complementary strand 2. Inside the two exons of the same genes 3. Shares a promoter region 4. In between two genes
C, B, D, A
75
Noncoding RNAs can mediate sequence-specific degradation or translational inhibition of target mRNAs in a process called __________
RNA interference
76
TRUE OR FALSE: Long, noncoding RNA have only a few specific functions in the cell
FALSE; They have a variety of functions
77
TRUE OR FALSE: Long, noncoding RNA have only a few specific functions in the cell
FALSE; They have a variety of functions
78
Phosphorylation usually induces __________ of protein
Conformational changes
79
Enzymes may be turned on or off by __________ where conformational changes alter substrate binding
Phosphorylation
80
TRUE OR FALSE: The shorter the length of ubiquitin, the more proteasome recognizes it for degradation
FALSE; When ubiquitin gets longer, proteasome recognizes it for degradation

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