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1017 Anatomy and Physiology 2 > mod 6 Respiratory System: Anatomy and Function > Flashcards

mod 6 Respiratory System: Anatomy and Function Flashcards

1
Q 
• 1) Air and food are routed into the proper channels by
the
• a. trachea
• b. pharynx
• c. larynx
• d. carina
• e. uvula
A

• 1) Air and food are routed into the proper channels by
the

• c. larynx

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2
Q 
• 2) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types
of cells, type I and type II.
The function of type II is
• a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
• b. to trap dust and other debris
• c. to replace mucus in the alveoli
• d. to facilitate movement of macrophages into the
alveoli
• e. to secrete defensins and lysosymes
A

2) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types
of cells, type I and type II.
The function of type II is
• a. to secrete pulmonary surfactant

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3
Q 
3) The smallest airways in the conducting zone is (are) the
•
• a. primary bronchioles
• b. terminal bronchioles
• c. respiratory bronchioles
• d. alveolar ducts
• e. alveolar sacs
A
  • 3) The smallest airways in the conducting zone is (are) the
  • b. terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

• 4) The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs
because
• a. they contain cilia that protect the lungs
• b. they control the volume of the lungs
• c. they maintain the proper temperature of the lungs
• d. they produce a lubricating serous secretion,
allowing the lungs to glide
• over the thorax wall during breathing
• e. they secrete lung surfactant

A

• 4) The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs
because

• d. they produce a lubricating serous secretion,
allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during
breathing

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5
Q 
5) The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is
given by
• a. Dalton's law
• b. Henry's law
• c. Charles' law
• d. Boyle's law
• e. Poiseuille’s law
A

• 5) The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is
given by

• d. Boyle’s law P1V1 = P2V2

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6
Q 
6) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total
pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures
of gases in the mixture" paraphrases
• a. Henry's law
• b. Boyle's law
• c. Dalton's law
• d. Charles' law
• e. Poiseuille’s law
A

6) The statement, “in a mixture of gases, the total
pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures
of gases in the mixture” paraphrases

• c. Dalton’s law

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7
Q

• 7) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from
collapsing by
• a. humidifying the air before it enters
• b. warming the air before it enters
• c. Increasing the stabilising force of surface tension at
the air liquid interface
• d. interfering with the cohesiveness of water
molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid
• e. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration
and other environmental variations

A

• 7) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from
collapsing by

• d. interfering with the cohesiveness of water
molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid

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8
Q

• 8) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory
membrane must be
• a. less than 0.1 micrometer thick
• b. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
• c. at least 3 micrometers thick
• d. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
• e. the thickness of the respiratory membrane is not
important in the efficiency of gas exchange

A

8) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory
membrane must be

• b. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

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9
Q 
• 9) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through
all cell membranes by
• a. osmosis
• b. diffusion
• c. filtration
• d. active transport
• e. reabsorption
A

• 9) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through
all cell membranes by

• b. diffusion

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10
Q

23) Select the correct statement about the pharynx
• a. the adenoids are located in the laryngopharynx
• b. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
• c. the laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the
nasopharynx
• d. the palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral
walls of the nasopharynx
• e. the oropharynx is lined with pseudostratified
columnar ciliated cells

A

10) Select the correct statement about the pharynx

• b. the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx

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11
Q

11) The larynx contains
• a. the thyroid cartilage
• b. C-shaped rings of cartilage
• c. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam’s apple
• d. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
• e. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

A
  • 11) The larynx contains

* a. the thyroid cartilage

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12
Q

12) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon?
• a. diaphragm and external intercostals
• b. diaphragm and internal intercostals
• c. diaphragm and abdominal muscles
• d. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
• e. external intercostals and abdominal muscles

A

12) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were
to blow up a balloon?

• d. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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13
Q
  • 13) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
  • a. middle lobe
  • b. cardiac notch
  • c. horizontal fissure
  • d. oblique fissure
  • e. segmental bronchi
A
  • 13) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
  • b. cardiac notch
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14
Q 
• 14) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas
exchange?
• a. respiratory bronchioles
• b. alveolar ducts
• c. alveolar sacs
• d. alveoli
• e. alveolar pores
A

14) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas
exchange?

• d. alveoli

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15
Q

15) The respiratory membrane is a combination of
• a. alveoli and alveolar sacs
• b. alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts
• c. alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory
bronchioles
• d. the area of the alveoli covered by type I cells
• e. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused
basement membranes

A

• 15) The respiratory membrane is a combination of

• e. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused
basement membranes

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16
Q
  • 16) The nose serves all the following functions except
  • a. as a passageway for air movement
  • b. speech production
  • c. as the initiator of the cough reflex
  • d. warming and humidifying the air
  • e. cleansing the air
A

16) The nose serves all the following functions except

• c. as the initiator of the cough reflex

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17
Q

• 17) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to
the thorax wall are
• a. the smooth muscles of the lung
• b. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
• c. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the
lungs
• d. adhesion forces acting between visceral and
parietal pleurae
• e. the opposing lung and chest wall recoil forces

A

17) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to
the thorax wall are

• d. adhesion forces acting between visceral and
parietal pleurae

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18
Q

18) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs
because of the
• a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose
• b. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
• c. porous structure of turbinate bones
• d. action of the epiglottis
• e. powerful cough reflex

A

• 18) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs
because of the
• a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

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19
Q

19) Which of the following is not the case?
• a. gas flow equals pressure gradient divided by
resistance
• b. pressure gradient equals gas flow divided by
resistance
• c. resistance equals pressure gradient divided by gas
flow
• d. intrapleural pressure is always negative during quiet
breathing
• e. the amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is
directly proportional to the pressure gradient between
the external atmosphere and the alveoli

A

• 19) Which of the following is not the case?

• b. pressure gradient equals gas flow divided by
resistance

• The flow of gases through tubes can be described in the same way as
blood flow though blood vessels
• F = Δ P/R or R = Δ P/F
• F= flow, ΔP = pressure gradient, R = resistance

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20
Q
  • 20) Additional muscle action is required for breathing when
  • a. lung compliance increases
  • b. chest wall compliance increases
  • c. airway resistance decreases
  • d. alveolar surface tension increases
  • e. amount of surfactant in the lungs increases
A

• d. alveola• The ability of the lungs to expand is expressed using a
measure known as the lung compliance
• Lung compliance is the volume change that can be
achieved in the lungs per unit pressure change
• C = Δ V / Δ P
• The increase in lung volume during inspiration results from
an “inflating pressure” (the transpulmonary pressure)
Note: error in lecture slides (replace “intrapulmonary :
with “transpulmonary”
• For a given change in transpulmonary pressure (ΔP) the
resultant change in volume (ΔV) depends on the
“stretchiness” of the lungs and chest wall
• Compliance depends on the distensibility of the lung tissue
and alveolar surface tensionr surface tension increases

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21
Q

21) Low lung compliance tends to make inflation ___, and low airway
resistance tends to make rapid breathing ___
• a. easy and easy
• b. easy and difficult
• c. difficult and easy
• d. difficult and difficult
• e. none of the above

A

c. difficult and easy

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22
Q

22) The flow of air into the alveoli is
• a. trachea - bronchioles - bronchi - alveoli
• b. trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
• c. bronchi - trachea - bronchioles - alveoli
• d. bronchioles - trachea - bronchi - alveoli
• e. bronchi - bronchioles - trachea - alveoli

A

• b. trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

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23
Q

23) The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles do all of the following
EXCEPT
• a. warm the air.
• b. filter the air to remove impurities.
• c. distribute air to exchange surfaces.
• d. remove O2
from the air.
• e. humidify the air.

A

d. remove O2

from the air.

24
Q 
24) To overcome the problem of surface tension in
the alveoli, specialised alveolar cells secrete fluid
containing
• a. carbohydrate
• b. lipid
• c. acid
• d. base
• e. salt
25
``` • 25) Pulmonary surfactants do all of the following EXCEPT • a. prevent IRDS • b. reduce surface tension • c .increase lung compliance • d. prevent alveolar collapse • e. decrease airway resistance ```
• e. decrease airway resistance
26
* 26) An arteriole is like a bronchiole in that both * a. allow gas exchange * b. allow flow in both directions * c. are lined with cilia * d. contain a layer of smooth muscle * e. increase flow rate when constricted
• d. contain a layer of smooth muscle
27
``` • 27) According to gas laws, if the pressure in a closed container doubles, and the temperature stays the same, then the volume must • a. double • b. be cut in half • c. be cut by three-fourths • d. quadruple • e. be cut by one fourth ```
• b. be cut in half
28
``` • 28) Suppose a sealed, rigid container held normal air (21% O2 , 78% N2 , 1% argon) at 760 mmHg pressure. If then more N2 were pumped into the container to raise the total pressure to 800 mmHg, the PO2 would then • a. increase to 160 mmHg • b. increase to 168 mmHg • c. decrease to 160 mmHg • d. decrease to 168 mmHg • e. remain the same ```
e. remain the same Dalton’s Law of partial pressures • In a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to the total pressure: the pressure it would exert if the gas were present in the container by itself. • If all the other gases were removed from atmospheric air, oxygen would still exert the same pressure (160 mm Hg) • To obtain a total pressure, add all of the partial pressures: • P total = P1 +P2 +P3 +…PN
29
• 29) Closing the upper airway passage at the end of a lung inflation and contracting abdominal and internal intercostal muscles rapidly produces a marked increase in alveolar pressure. Sudden opening of the airway causes a rapid return of alveolar pressure to normal as air is expelled very quickly. This describes a • a. sniffle • b. cough • c. gasp • d. yawn • e. whistle
• b. cough
30
``` • 30) Which of the following gases exerts the greatest partial pressure in venous blood • a. oxygen • b. carbon dioxide • c. water vapour • d. nitrogen • e. argon ```
• d. nitrogen
31
31) The greatest partial pressure gradient across the alveolar-capillary membrane is found for • a. H2O • b. CO2 • c. N2 • d. O2 • e. NO
• d. O2
32
32) Which one of the following conditions does NOT occur on a large inspiration? • a. inspiratory muscles contract • b. size of the thoracic cavity increases • c. intrapleural pressure becomes more positive • d. transpulmonary pressure increases • e. lung becomes more inflated
• c. intrapleural pressure becomes more positive
33
``` 33) During expiration, which of the following does NOT occur? • a. respiratory muscles relax • b. intrapleural pressure becomes less negative • c. transpulmonary pressure decreases • d. lung deflates • e. alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure ```
• e. alveolar pressure decreases below | atmospheric pressure
34
``` 34) The pressure that keeps the lungs inflated is • a. atmospheric • b. alveolar • c. transpulmonary • d. intratracheal • e. partial ```
``` • c. transpulmonary Transpulmonary pressure • Keeps the lungs inflated • Prevents lungs from collapsing • Also called the “distension pressure” • Transpulmonary pressure describes the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure in the lungs and is measured by subtracting pleural pressure from alveolar pressure ```
35
35) Intrapulmonary pressure is the • a. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs • b. pressure within the pleural cavity • c. negative pressure in the intrapleural space • d. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure • e. pressure within the thoracic cavity
• a. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
36
``` 36) What kind of cell innervates the diaphragm? • a. parasympathetic neurone • b. interneurone • c. preganglionic sympathetic neurone • d. postganglionic sympathetic neurone • e. alpha motor neurone ```
• e. alpha motor neurone
37
37) Tidal volume is air • a. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration • b. exchanged during normal breathing • c. forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration • d. forcibly expelled after normal expiration • e. the volume of the conducting airways that has to be cleared during an inspiration before air reaches the alveoli
• b. exchanged during normal breathing
38
``` 38) The vital capacity of an average young male is around • a. 1200 ml • b. 2400 ml • c. 3600 ml • d. 4800 ml • e. 6000 ml ```
d. 4800 ml
39
``` 39) The lung volume that represents the maximum volume that can be inspired or expired is • a. tidal volume • b. total lung capacity • c. vital capacity • d. inspiratory capacity • e. functional residual capacity ```
c. vital capacity
40
``` 40) The maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal (not forced) inspiration is called • a. inspiratory reserve volume • b. inspiratory capacity • c. functional residual capacity • d. vital capacity • e. total lung capacity ```
• a. inspiratory reserve volume
41
41) Inspiratory capacity is • a. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration • b. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal inspiration • c. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration inspiration • d. vital capacity minus functional residual capacity • e. total lung capacity minus residual volume
a. the total amount of air that can be inspired | after a tidal expiration
42
``` 42) All of the following can be determined from a spirogram EXCEPT • a. expiratory reserve volume • b. inspiratory reserve volume • c. vital capacity • d. functional residual capacity • e. inspiratory capacity ```
d. functional residual capacity
43
``` 43) Respiratory groups of neurones that control breathing are located in the • a. midbrain and pons • b. midbrain and medulla • c. midbrain and upper spinal cord • d. medulla and pons • e. medulla and upper spinal cord ```
• d. medulla and pons
44
44) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is • a. increase in temperature of arterial blood • b. decrease in oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood • c. decrease in pH (acidosis) in arterial blood • d. increase in pH (alkalosis) in arterial blood • e. increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in arterial blood
e. increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in | arterial blood
45
* 45) Another name for the inflation reflex is * a. Bohr-Haldane * b. Poiseuille-Laplace * c. Fick-Dalton * d. Hering-Breuer * e. Charles-Henry
d. Hering-Breuer
46
``` 46) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? • a. rising carbon dioxide levels • b. rising blood pressure • c. arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg • d. decreased arterial pH • e. increased body temperature ```
b. rising blood pressure
47
47) Which of the following cells concerned with respiration are not located in the brainstem? • a. dorsal respiratory group • b. ventral respiratory group • c. pontine respiratory group • d. carotid bodies • e. central chemoreceptors
• d. carotid bodies
48
• 48) Which of the following statements is correct? • a. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to increase ventilation • b. low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator of respiration. • c. arterial blood pH affects central chemoreceptors directly • d. arterial blood pH does not affect peripheral chemoreceptors directly • e. H+ has little effect on the blood pH
a. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to | increase ventilation
49
``` 49) Which of the conditions is the most powerful stimulant to alveolar ventilation? • a. increased PO2 • b. decreased PO2 • c. increased H+ concentration • d. decreased arterial pH • e. increased PCO2 ```
• e. increased PCO2
50
``` 50) Under which condition is alveolar ventilation stimulated via peripheral chemoreceptors? • a. PO2 below 60 mmHg • b. PO2 above 60 mmHg • c. PCO2 below 20 mmHg • d. PCO2 between 20 and 40 mmHg • e. pH Above 7.5 ```
• a. PO2 below 60 mmHg
51
51) In the plasma of arterial blood of a healthy person, the quantity of oxygen dissolved in solution • a. less than 2 % of the oxygen combined with haemoglobin • b. about 7% of the oxygen combined with haemoglobin • c. approximately equal to the amount combined with haemoglobin • d. much greater than the amount combined with haemoglobin • e. zero because oxygen is insoluble in aqueous solution like plasma
a. less than 2 % of the oxygen combined with | haemoglobin
52
• 52) Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? • a. its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation • b. its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH • c. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood • d. raised CO2 levels in arterial blood stimulates central chemoreceptors • e. more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the red blood cells
e. more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is | carried in the red blood cells
53
``` 53) Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? • a. 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma. • b. 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin. • c. the majority of CO2 transported in the blood is in the form of carbonic acid • d. carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to haemoglobin. • e. the chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport ```
e. the chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 | transport
54
54) Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: • a. at rest, a molecule of haemoglobin returning to the lungs typically contains one molecule of O2 • b. during conditions of acidosis, haemoglobin will release less of its O2 to the tissues • c. oxyhaemoglobin saturation levels of greater than 95% are only achieved during exercise when ventilation is increased • d. a 50% oxyhaemoglobin saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate a physical activity level higher than normal • e. binding of an O2 molecule to a haemoglobin molecule makes subsequent binding of O2 molecules more difficult
d. a 50% oxyhaemoglobin saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate a physical activity level higher than normal
55
• 55) Carbonic anhydrase is a(n) • a. carrier of carbon dioxide in the blood • b. storage site for carbon dioxide • c. enzyme that accelerates the combination of carbon dioxide and water • d. enzyme that splits the bicarbonate ion • e. enzyme that splits carbonic acid into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
c. enzyme that accelerates the combination of | carbon dioxide and water
56
``` 56) During the chloride shift in tissue capillary blood, ___the red blood cell • a. HCO3 - exits • b. H2CO3 enters • c. CO2 exits • d. Cl- exits • e. carbonic anhydrase enters ```
• a. HCO3 | - exits
57
57) With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released from haemoglobin at the tissues because • a. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the haemoglobin-oxygen bond • b. a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the haemoglobin-oxygen bond • c. an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the haemoglobin-oxygen bond • d. an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the haemoglobin-oxygen bond • e. none of the above since the Bohr effect concerns the effect of oxygen • unloading on carbon dioxide loading in the blood
a. a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the | haemoglobin-oxygen bond

1017 Anatomy and Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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