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bio 30 > mod 6: Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

mod 6: Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

selective breeding

A

choosing stock because of its physical, behavioural, or functional characteristics

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2
Q

inheritable trait

A

a characteristic determined by genes, not environment. a trait that is capable of being passed from parent to offspring

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3
Q

true breeding

A

an organism that is true breeding produces offspring that express the same trait generation after generation. the organism is homozygous for a trait

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4
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of a cross between two parent organisms with different inheritable traits

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5
Q

mono hybrid cross

A

an organism that is heterozygous for one trait

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6
Q

P1 generation

P generation

A

the first set of parents. the parents of the F1 generation

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7
Q

Fx generation

F1, F2, etc.

A

F1 are offspring of the P generation. F(1+x) are offspring of the Fx generation (F5 offspring of F4).
filial generation—brothers and sisters

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8
Q

pangenesis

A

Aristotle’s theory that that sperm and eggs consist of particles called pangenes from all the parts of the body. when fertilization occurs, pangenes develop into the body part they were derived from

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9
Q

homunculus

A

a complete miniature person within a sperm cell (proposed and first identified by Leeuwenhoek) or an egg cell (suggested by Graaf). it was first “identified” by Leeuwenhoek when he looked through his 500x microscope at the head of a sperm. Graaf suggested that the homunculus is within the egg cell and that the sperm only stimulates it to develop

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10
Q

homozygous

A

a genotype where both alleles are the same (ex: RR or rr)

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11
Q

heterozygous

A

a genotype where the alleles are different (ex: Rr)

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12
Q

genotype

A

the alleles an organism has for a specific trait (ex: RR, Rr, or rr)

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13
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristic of the organism (ex: tall or short). determined by genotype

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14
Q

dominant

A

if two alleles are present then the ones that is expressed is the dominant one. written as a capital letter. expressed when homozygous (RR) or heterozygous (Rr)

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15
Q

recessive

A

if two different alleles are present, the allele that is not expressed (is masked by the dominant allele) is recessive. written as a lowercase letter. only expressed when homozygous (rr)

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16
Q

allele

A

two or more forms of a gene in a specific location on the chromosome

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17
Q

gene

A

an area on the chromosome that defines an organism’s traits

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18
Q

law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law
• discrete genes determine individual traits
• each individual organism has two copies of each gene
• when gametes are formed, the copies of the factors segregate so that the gamete receives one copy of each factor
• eggs and sperm fuse randomly. the embryo that develops has two copies of each factor—one copy from each parent

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19
Q

addition rule (probability)

A

if two outcomes are mutually exclusive (you can have one but not the other), the probability that either will occur is their sum.
(ex: the probability that you will roll a 3 or a 4 on six sides die is 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 0.33 = 33%)

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20
Q

multiplication rule (probability)

A

if two outcomes are independent, the probability that both will occur is their product.
(ex: the probability that you will role two 4s on two six sided die at once is 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 = 0.03 = 3%)

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21
Q

nature (in reference to nature vs. nurture debate)

A

refers to the components of an individual’s phenotype that is determined by their genes

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22
Q

nurture (in reference to nature vs. nurture debate)

A

refers to component of one’s phenotypes determined by their environment

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23
Q

innate

A

an innate characteristic is one a person is born with

24
Q

dihybrid

A

a genotype that is heterozygous for two traits (AaBb). sometimes used to refer to genetics problems using two traits

25
Q

trihybrid

A

genotype that is heterozygous for three traits (AaBbCc). sometimes used as a general way to refer to genetics problems using three traits

26
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law. the two alleles of one gene segregate independently of the other alleles of other genes during gamete formation

27
Q

what is the F2 ratio of phenotypes in Mendel’s dihybrid crosses?

A

9:3:3:1

28
Q

test cross

A

determines the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing them with a homozygous recessive individual—if any offspring have the recessive phenotype then the unknown is heterozygous

29
Q

what information is provided in a Punnett square?

A

all possible gamete formations from the P generation, all possible genotypes of the F1 generation, and the ratios of the possible genotypes of the F1 generation

30
Q

progeny

A

descendants of an organism. offspring

31
Q

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

A

autosomal recessive disease that causes sickle-shaped red blood cells to form, which can get caught in blood vessels and stop flow to tissues. note: exhibits incomplete dominance—heterozygotes rarely have any symptoms are are unlikely to develop sickle-shaped blood but are still resistant to malaria, an example of heterozygote advantage

32
Q

autosomal

A

refers to a trait that is due to a gene on one of the first 22 chromosomes (any chromosomes, excluding the sex chromosomes). since this excludes sex chromosomes it is equally likely in male and females

33
Q

multiple alleles

A

some genes have more than two alleles. an order of dominance is given to determine phenotypes from genotypes.

34
Q

incomplete dominance

A

condition where neither of two alleles of the same gene can completely conceal the presence of the other, causing the heterozygous to be a mixture of the two rather than one or the other

35
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

when heterozygous individuals have an advantage over homozygous recessive or homozygous dominant individuals

36
Q

co-dominance

A

situation where both alleles are fully expressed (ex: a roan horse is a heterozygote in which the base colour and white are both fully expressed, giving it a paler look from farther away, caused by individual hairs being completely white and others being completely base colour)

37
Q

continuous trait

A

traits for which the phenotypes vary gradually from one extreme to another. polygenic
(ex: height in humans)

38
Q

polygenic trait

A

controlled by many genes. group of genes contributing to a trait is called a polygene. each dominant allele contributes to the trait, recessive alleles do not contribute (ex: more dominant alleles equals greater height)

39
Q

pedigree

A

chart outlining the generations and relationships within a family line. used to study inheritance of genetic diseases or conditions in humans

40
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Walter Sutton’s theory that chromosomes are strings of genes and that each gene has a specific location on a specific chromosome

41
Q

Barr bodies

A

in every female cell one of the X chromosomes is inactive, and condensed tightly into a Barr body. either X chromosome can be inactive and which one becomes inactive and forms a Barr body is random.

(ex: this can cause effects like calico cats, where the colour of fur is heterozygous and linked to the X chromosome, so the colour of the patches on the cat is determined by which X chromosomes ends up deactivated)

42
Q

sex-linked traits

A

traits found in one gender more than another due to the gene being present on sex chromosomes

43
Q

hemizygous

A

used when referring to the X chromosome of someone with XY sex chromosomes because, since they have only one X chromosome, the terms heterozygous and homozygous don’t work

44
Q

hemophilia

A

X-linked recessive. characterized by inability to clot blood. caused be recessive allele of Factor VIII gene on X chromosome

45
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

where more than one gene are involved in determining the phenotype for one characteristic. the ratio of phenotypes tends to stay at 9:3:3:1, the only difference is that instead of different combinations of two traits, there are four varieties of one trait

46
Q

epistasis

A

type of polygenic inheritance where one set of genes will interfere with or affect the expression of another set of genes. unusual ratios (ratios that aren’t 9:3:3:1) are characteristic of epistasis

(ex: fur colour in mice depends on a gene for colour and a separate gene for pigmentation of colour, so the gene for pigmentation can interfere with the gene for colour and produce a white mouse when the colour according to the gene should be black, for example)

47
Q

pleiotropy

A

when one gene influences many different traits

48
Q

exception to independent assortment?

A

when the genes are linked genes they tend to stay together. they can be separated during the process of crossing over, and the greater the distance between them the greater the number of crossover events that will occur between them, and therefore the greater the chance that they will be separated, but separation of linked genes isn’t entirely random like it is with genes on different chromosomes.

49
Q

linked genes

A

genes that exist on the same chromosome

50
Q

chromosomal mapping

A

the process of using the concept of crossing over to determine relative positions of genes on a chromosome

51
Q

map unit

A

the distance between points on a chromosome where crossover is likely to occur in 1% of all meiotic events.

directly proportional to recombination frequency (1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency)

used to create a chromosome map showing the relative distances between linked genes

52
Q

map distance

A

distance between genes on a single chromosome

53
Q

recombinant types / recombinants

A

the offspring that don’t look like parents in a linked gene cross. result of crossing over in chromosomes

54
Q

parental type

A

offspring of a linked gene cross that have identical chromosomes to their parents

55
Q

recombination frequency

A

the percentage of offspring that were recombinant types—the percentage of times that a crossover occurred as P generation gametes were being formed.

directly proportional to map unit (1% = 1 map unit)

recombination frequency = [(recombinants)/(total offspring)]•100

bio 30 (8 decks)

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