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investigating science!! >_< > 🍥 mod 5 - scientific investigations! > Flashcards

🍥 mod 5 - scientific investigations! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5.1.1

Who investigated peptic ulcers?

A

Barry Marshall & Robin Warren

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2
Q

5.1.1

What initiated the peptic ulcer investigation?

A

They had observed small, curved and spiral-like bacteria present in the stomachs of people suffering from ulcers and gastritis.

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3
Q

5.1.1

What was thought to be the cause of peptic ulcers?

A
  • Lifestyle such as smoking
  • Stress
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4
Q

5.1.1

What is the actual cause of peptic ulcers?

** From their investigation

A

Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) damages the lining of the stomach and intestine

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5
Q

5.1.1

How did they carry out the peptic ulcer investigation? (Method)

A
  1. Studied Biopsies of people with ulcers
  2. Cultivated the bacteria in a lab
  3. Self experimentation (Marshall drank broth contaminated with H. Pylori)
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6
Q

5.1.1

Who investigated plant growth?

A

Van/Von Helmont

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7
Q

5.1.1

What initiated the plant growth investigation?

A

Von Helmont wanted to research how plants gain their mass (their growth)

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8
Q

5.1.1

What was thought to be the cause of plant growth?

A

Soil, plants absorbed nutrients and matter directly from it to grow

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9
Q

5.1.1

What did he observe for the cause of plant growth?

** From his experiment

A

The plant gained 74kg and the soil only lost 57 grams , so the plants weight gain was from the water

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10
Q

5.1.1

How did he carry out the plant growth investigation? (Method)

A
  1. Weighed soil beforehand
  2. Planted a Willow Tree in the dried soil for 5 years
  3. Watered it with only rainwater and distilled water
  4. Weighed it again after 5 years

Plant +74kg , Soil -57g

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11
Q

5.1.1

Who investigated microwaves?

A

Percy Spencer

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12
Q

5.1.1

What initiated the microwave investigation?

A

Spencer stood next to a magnetron which releases microwaves causing the chocolate in his pocket to melt. He then thought “Could radiowaves cook food?”

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13
Q

5.1.1

How did he carry out the microwaves investigation?

A

He pointed microwaves at different food items surrounded by a metal box

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14
Q

5.1.1

What did he observe from his microwave investigation?

A

Microwaves can cook food!

** This then lead to the construction of the first microwave :) **

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15
Q

5.1.1

What is correlation?

Extra: What’s the difference between correlation and causation :)

A

Correlation is how two variables change eachother / How they are connected.

** E.g: Smoking correlates with alcoholism, but doesn’t cause it **

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16
Q

5.1.1

What is causation?

Extra: What’s the difference between correlation and causation :)

A

Causation indicates that 1 event is the result of the occurence of another event.

** E.g: Hotter weather = More people getting sunburnt **

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17
Q

Random Q!

What is an inference?

A

the process of drawing conclusions based on evidence and reasoning

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18
Q

5.1.2 + 5.1.3

What is a hypothesis that Von Helmont may have had?

A

If there is water availability for a plant in soil then it will increase in mass because of water absorption from the soil.

** NOT from the soil itself!! **

** testing the conclusion of a previous investigation i think?? though i’m not sure :( **

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19
Q

5.1.2 + 5.1.3

What is a hypothesis that Barry Marshall and Robin Warren may have had?

A

If a patient has peptic ulcers, then H.Pylori will be present because the bacteria is the cause for stomach ulcers.

** finding relationships or patterns in identified phenomena**

20
Q

5.1.2 + 5.1.3

What is a hypothesis that Percy Spencer may have had?

A

If food is in contact with microwaves then the food will cook because heat will be emitted

** utilising scientific knowledge and understanding to make more accurate predictions and develop new technologies**

21
Q

5.1.4

How did Barry Marshall and Robin Warren deviate from traditional models of scientific methodology?

A
  1. They Self Experimented
  2. Working backwards
  3. They experimented before their understanding was actually developed / comprehensive

starting from Observation/Question > Report conclusion [look at pic]

https://learn.sasc.nsw.edu.au/courses/43219/discussion_topics/422331

22
Q

5.1.4

How did Von Helmont deviate from traditional models of scientific methodology?

A
  1. Only had one sample and one trial, (No control, Not reliable)
  2. Didn’t have a clear hypothesis
  3. Bad Method, Bad Equipment

https://learn.sasc.nsw.edu.au/courses/43219/discussion_topics/422331

23
Q

5.1.4

How did Percy Spencer deviate from traditional models of scientific methodology?

A
  1. He didn’t intend to exepriment on microwaves
  2. Did not have a hypothesis, just “What if..” approach
  3. He was more interested in applying his findings rather than trying to understand why it was happening

** Iterative approach, making modifications to his investigations impulsively (IDK :V)**

https://learn.sasc.nsw.edu.au/courses/43219/discussion_topics/422331

24
Q

5.2.1

What is Eratosthenes’ objective and what did he observe?

A

To demonstrate that the earth was round and he wanted to produce an accurate world map.

He observed that during summer solstice, syene produced no shadows but in alexandria a stick casted a shadow therefore earth is curved coz if it wasnt then there would be no shadow.

25
Q

5.2.1

What was Eratosthenes’ method?

A
  1. Measured the angle of the shadow cast at noon during summer (7.2 degrees)
  2. Used professional walkers to walk from Alexandria to Syene to figure out the circumference of the earth
26
Q

5.2.1

Who investigated earth’s roundness?

bro…

A

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) Suggested that the earth was sphereical
Eratosthenes (240 B.C)

** Aristotle came first because B.C works backwards :) **

27
Q

5.2.1

What was Aristotles objective and what did he observe?

A

He wanted physical evidence of a spherical earth.

He observed that the bottom of ships would disappear before the sails and when the sun sets, sunlight was still on top of mountains.

** Greek Philosophers believed the world could work by natural processes rather than Gods **

28
Q

5.2.1

What is the Doppler effect?

A

The change in perceived wave frequency during the relative motion between a wave source and its observer…

When a sound source is approaching an observer the frequency will appear to be higher, When a sound source is moving away from an observer the frequency will appear to be lower

** THERE IS NO ACTUAL CHANGE IN FREQUENCY, IT IS ONLY PERCEIVED CHANGE

** Proposed / Created by Christian Doppler **

29
Q

5.2.1

How is light frequency applied in astronomy?

A

Light sources moving away will have a lower frequency (RED SHIFTING)

Light sources moving forward will have a higher frequency (BLUE SHIFTING)

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RlwXd2uFal0/maxresdefault.jpg

30
Q

5.2.1

What did Fraunhofer observe?

A

When he expanded the light spectrm, he saw that there were slices missing in the same spots everytime

31
Q

5.2.1

What did Fraunhofer discover?

A

That particular wavelengths of light were being absorbed by certain elements

32
Q

5.2.1

What did people think about oxygen and combustion in the 1700’s?

A

That air and anything else that was combustible had a substance in it called “phlogiston” that would be released when burning, resulting in the material becoming lighter

33
Q

5.2.1

Who investigated oxygen and combustion?

A

Priestly

34
Q

5.2.1

What equipment did Priestly use in his Mercury Oxide (HgO) experiment?

A
  • HgO
  • Glass ball jar
  • Burning lens
  • Sealed vessel
  • Water trough
35
Q

5.2.1

What was Priestly’s method for the HgO experiment?

A
  1. Heat mercury (Hg) in the presence of oxygen (O) and collect it in the glass ball jar (HgO)
  2. Heat it by focusing sunlight with burning lens
  3. Collect the oxygen gas with a water trough
  4. Observe and repeat
36
Q

5.2.1

What did Priestly observe in his HgO experiment?

A

The effects of the released gas and found it was different from ordinary air, supporting combustion. The air made substances that were burned in it brighter and more readily.

37
Q

5.2.1

What did Priestly inference in his HgO experiment?

A
  • Existence of a new gas, he thought the air was different from common air “dephlogisticated air”
  • Newfound gas supports combustion contradicting phlogiston theory and could sustain life cause it’s breathable
  • Gas can be absorbed by certain substances
  • Fixed air (CO2) can’t support life and combustion
38
Q

5.2.1

What equipment did Priestly use in his green plants experiment?

A
  • Green plant
  • Bell jar
  • Water trough
  • Mercury trough
  • Thermometer
  • Glass tubes
  • Glass syringe / Gas measuring device
  • Controlled air sample
39
Q

5.2.1

What was Priestly’s method for his green plants experiment?

A
  1. Put green plant in airtight bell jar
  2. Prep control group with jar and same air composition w/o plant
  3. Put candle to facilitate photosynthesis
  4. Monitor change: Air volume, Quality, Temperature variations
  5. Collect samples of gas produced or consumed with glass syringe
  6. Measure the volume of gas collected, compare to the initial air with the container

** When does the mouse come into the equation?? I don’t know… I’m just doing my job ;0 **

40
Q

5.2.1

What did Priestly observe in his green plants experiment?

A
  • Reduction of CO2 over time
  • Increase of O2
  • Life can be sustained with green plant because he put a mouse in there
41
Q

5.2.1

What did Priestly inference in his green plant experiment?

A
  • Green plant = reduction of fixed air (CO2) and increase in volume of pure air (O2)
  • ESPECIALLY in the presence of a light source
42
Q

5.2.2

What is a Primary investigation?

A

An investigation done directly by the scientists

** E.g Marshall and Warren cause Marshall drank the broth **

43
Q

5.2.2

What is fieldwork?

A

Scientists make direct observations, they’re looking and seeing what is happening

44
Q

5.2.2

What is modelling?

A

modelling is trying to represent or show how something works

** E.g Physical models, Computer models **

45
Q

5.2.2

What are surveys?

A

A series of questions, used to collect data from a large selection of people

46
Q

5.2.2

What are simulations?

A

Recreations of something happening

investigating science!! >_< (3 decks)

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