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HSC Biology > Mod 5: Question 1 > Flashcards

Mod 5: Question 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sex is…

A

expensive: uses lots of time and energy
may result in fighting
can be dangerous

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2
Q

Vocab: Maternal

A

relating to a mother; especially during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth

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3
Q

Vocab: Paternal

A

related to the father

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4
Q

Vocab: Zygote

A

fertilised egg

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5
Q

Vocab: Gametes

A

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with opposite sex

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6
Q

Vocab: Meiosis

A

cell division, 4 daughter cells each with half chromosomes of parent cell

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7
Q

Vocab: Somatic cells

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

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8
Q

Vocab: N

A

number of chromosomes in a gametes (23)

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9
Q

Vocab: 2N

A

number of chromosomes in somatic cells (46)

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10
Q

Vocab: X and Y chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes;
female = XX
male = XY

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11
Q

Vocab: Unisexual

A

either male or female - representing 1 sex
eg. humans

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12
Q

Vocab: Hermaphrodites

A

an animal containing both male and female sex organs
eg. snail

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13
Q

Vocab: Fertilization

A

action/process of fertilizing an egg or a female plant; involving fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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14
Q

Vocab: Implantation

A

pregnancy - blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall of the endometrium lining

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15
Q

Vocab: Placental mammal

A
  • hair or fur
  • internal fertilization
  • give birth to live young
  • feed growing fetus via placenta and umbilical cord
  • produce milk through mammalian glands
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16
Q

Vocab: Hormone control

A

1) positive feedback - rare (birth)
the increase will continue to increase eg. contractions, breastfeeding

2) negative feedback - most common
one goes up another goes down to bring it back to normal eg. when your hot body cools you down

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17
Q

Vocab: Changing hormones

A

1) hormones to make gametes and courtship
2) hormones for setting up uterus for pregnancy
3) hormones to hold the pregnacny
4) hormones for birth

18
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • one parent
  • identical genetics
  • diviosn through - mistosis, binary fission, budding, vegetative propogation

advantages: high effciency (less time and energy) - population increase
disadvantages: low genetic variation - less lkely to survive change

organisms - plants, fungi, bacteria, protists

eg. Yeast (spores)

19
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • two parents
  • unique genetics
  • division through - meiosis

advantages: high genetic variation - population is likely to survive change
disadvantages: low efficency (time and money) - slow reproductive rate

organisms - animals, plant, fungi

eg. Humans

20
Q

External Ferterlisation

A

occurs outside of the animals body
* needs an aquatic enviroment (so they don’t dry out)
* gametes release at same time (evolved to have syncronised cycles with specific mating patterns)
* both sex’s produce hundreds of gametes (most die before birth due to low protection by parent)
* low chance of fertilisation due to being released in the open

produce jelly eggs

eg. cane toads, salmon

21
Q

Internal Fertilisation

A

fertalisation occurs inside the body
* occurs in reproductive tract of the female (high success rate due to enclosed/suited enviroment)
* don’t breed as frequenctly (greater energy expenditure)
* produces fewer gametes (enough to allow continuity of species)

eg. seagull, cobra snake

22
Q

Internal vs External Fertilisation

Similarities

A
  • both sperm and egg gametes
  • need a watery enviroment (favourable conditions for fertilisation)
  • parental investment is indirectly proportional to number of zygotes produced
23
Q

Vegatative Propagation

asexual plant reproduction

three

A

Runners
* long thin shoots - grow on surface of soil
* tip of node turns up and thicknes - creates new roots and shoots
* A and D: less energy, fast, competition for light
eg. strawberry

Rhizomes
* underground runners - give rise to new shoots at each node
eg. ginger, fern

Artificial Grafting
* plant leaves are inseted into the root system of another tree
* buds will begin to shoot

new individual plants arise from the stem, roots or leaves as a clone

24
Q

Sexual Reproduction - plants

A

anther (male part - makes pollen) matures first so there isn’t any self pollination with the stigma (female part - attracts pollen, sticky)

Stages:
1. pollination
2. fertilisation
3. seed dispersal
4. germination

ferns, mosses, gymnosperms (cb), angiosperms (fb)

male part - carpel
female part - pistil

25
Q

Pollination - plants

sexual reproduction

Step 1

A

pollen sticks to the stigma which is sticky when ready for fertilisation
flowers attract animals to bring the pollen

methods:
* wind - flowers with small petals, no nectar or colour, pollen is light and powdery eg. grass
* self - male will produce pollen (anther) and fertalise itself (less energy) eg. dandilions
* insects - yelllow or blue flowers, with necar and scent eg. bees
* birds - large, colourful, tuba shape (for beak), lots of nectar, no smell eg. lorakeets

26
Q

Flower anatomy

EDIT

A

TO COME SOON

27
Q

Fertilisation - plants

sexual reproduction

Step 2

A
  1. sperm cells transfered by the pollen tube
  2. fuses with the egg in the ovule
  3. fertlised ovule develps in the ovary
  4. ovule, containg embryo, is now a seed and the surronding ovary becomes a fruit

seed is a zygote

only in seeding plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms

28
Q

Seed dispersal - plants

sexual reproduction

Step 3

A

after fertilisation the seeds are dispered
it is an advatafe for seeds to be dispered as:
* prevents overcrowding
* prevents compitetion - light, water and soil nutrients
* increases chance of continuity in case of change

Travel by:
air (dandelion), animal (blackberry), water (coconut), bursting (violet), human (cherry)

29
Q

Germination - plants

sexual reproduction

Step 4

A

plant embryo is in a dehydrated form and is dormant - seed needs adverse conditions to survivie (water, nutrients, warmth)

embryo begins to grow creating a radicle to absrob nutrients and a plume for food production via photosythesis

once seed is established it grows into an adult plant and can reproduce

30
Q

Budding - fungi

Asexual repoduction

A
  • needs a conjusive enviroment
  • parent is not effected

nucleus reproduces through mitosis and a little bud forms off the side; once nuclus moves into - pinches off to become its own organism or stays attatched in a colony

31
Q

Spores - fungi

Asexual reproduction

A

Special unicellular fungi produced in huge quantities from one parent - very light to they can send offspring far away (good distribution)
* spores last a long time and won’t become fungi until conditions are right - survival of species
* most are haploid

32
Q

Sexual reproduction - fungi

A
  • occurs only when enviroment isn’t conjusive - goes into stasis
  • diplod and haploid phase - mainly haploid
    two different indiduals fuse to from a zygote spore
    goes through meioso to form haploid spores which are genetically different from parent
33
Q

Binary fission - protists

Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Organism grows to double its size (doesn’t want to be small)
  2. Nucleus goest through mitosis to replicate genetic material - splits into two identical cells (mature size)

most common way to mate

eg. amoeba

34
Q
A
35
Q

Budding - protists

Asexual reproduction

A

nucleus goes through mitosis, a bud is formed and pinches off without changing the parent

36
Q

Binary fission - bacteria

Asexual reproduction

A
  1. DNA replicates and one piece goes to either side of the cell
  2. clevage occurs and cytoplasm divides
  3. creates a smaller daughter cell which grows and matures

occurs in 9 minutes (rapid increase in numbers)

37
Q

Bacteria Conjugation

Sexual reproduction

A

have hundreds of plasmids
two cells send a ‘tube’ where they replicate plasmids and send to the other cell

38
Q

Artificial pollination

Plants

A

Stamen is manually removed from female part and pollen is transferred to the sticky stigma
* D - takes time/requires skill
* A - allows pollination to happen anywhere in the world

self or cross pollinated (choosing hybrid plants with different traits)

39
Q

Cloning

Plants

A

Vegetative Propogation eg. strawberroes/bananas
* D - no variation (dieases can wipe out whole species)
* A - produced exact quality crops as parent/if no viable seeds plant can still reproduce

40
Q

Selective breeding/artifical selection

Plants

A

eg. wild brassica - cauliflower, kale, cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli
* D - reduces genetic variation
* A - produces new varities of plant (agriculture demands)

41
Q

Selective breeding

Animals

A

Intentional mating of individuals with desirable traits so there offspring express those same traits eg. chickens
* D - reduces genetic variation/sometimes rare disease genes can be passed on
* A - produces new variaties of animals (agriculture demand/high quality food)/animals can be selected that dont cause harm - cattle without horns

42
Q

Artifical Insemenation

Animals

A

HSC Biology (3 decks)

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