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PSB 2000 > Mod 5: Drugs & Addiction > Flashcards

Mod 5: Drugs & Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Which system do psychoactive drugs act on?

A
  1. The nervous system
    This causes changes in conscious experience and behavior.
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2
Q

What do psychoactive drugs consist of?

A
  1. illicit drugs
  2. legal drugs
  3. prescription drugs.
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a drug?

A
  1. Exogenous chemical
  2. Not necessary for normal cellular functioning
  3. Significantly alters the functions
  4. Has effects in relatively small doses
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4
Q

What drugs affect the conscious experience?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Marijuana
  3. Stimulants
    • Caffeine
    • Cocaine
    • Nicotine
    • Methamphetamine & amphetamine
  4. Hallucinogens
    • LSD
    • Ecstasy.
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5
Q

What are the categories of drugs?

A
  1. Drugs that relieve symptoms
  2. Drugs that affect the conscious experience
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6
Q

What drugs make up those that relieve symptoms?

A
  1. Antipsychotic
  2. Antidepressants
  3. Anxiolytics
  4. Opiates.
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7
Q

Drugs are considered to be exogenous, therefore, before entering the body there must be…?

A

A route of administration
1. Inhalation (lungs/blood/brain)
2. Snorting (nasal passage/blood/brain)
3. Swallowing (is slower/ the body is able to metabolize it)
4. I.V.- Straight to blood/to the brain (most brain-direct route)

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8
Q

Once the drug is in the body, how does it get access to the brain?

A

It must go through the B.B.B
Then it alters transmission @ synapses

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9
Q

What is an antagonist?

A
  1. Blocks receptors
  2. Blocks terminal
    Drug the blocks or decreases the effectiveness of a NT
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10
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that mimics or increases the effectiveness of a NT.
- Activates receptor
- Blocks reuptake
- Blocks enzymatic degradation.

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11
Q

What system do psychotropic drugs interact with to alter neural transmission?

A

With the components within the NT systems.

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12
Q

What are examples of agonists that block reuptake?

A

Cocaine
* Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter

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13
Q

What are some drugs that activate the receptor?

A
  1. Nicotine
     * Activates ACh receptor
  2. Xanax
    • Activates GABA receptors
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14
Q

An antagonist blocks the receptor. what drug performs this action?

A

Antipsychotics
* Block dopamine receptors

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15
Q

Explain what drug effects depend on.

A

The effect depends on the dose of the drug (aka. dose-response curve)

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16
Q

How does repeated drug administration alter the effects of the drug?

A

It alters the drug response curve, which influences the effect of the drug.

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17
Q

Explain drug tolerance and its effect on the drug response curve.

A

Drug tolerance is decreased sensitivity due to high exposure to the drug.

*The curve shifts to the right
* If there is no increase in the dose, then the drug effect decreases.
* In order for there to be an effect, more of the drug is needed.

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18
Q

How are drug tolerance & drug sensitization different from each other?

A

W/ tolerance your body becomes desensitized, whereas w/ sensitization your body becomes more sensitive to the effects w/o there being any changes in the drug dose.
!!! NOT AS COMMON !!!

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19
Q

Repeated cocaine exposure has an effect on what pathway?

A

Has increased activity in the reinforcement pathway

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20
Q

Explain the consequences that could stem from cross-tolerance.

A

Exposure to one drug can produce tolerance for other similar drugs.

21
Q

Provide an example of two drugs that could lead to cross-intolerance.

A

Alcohol & benzodiazepine (anti-depresso)
- Both are GABA receptors antagonist

22
Q

How does metabolic intolerance affect the site of action?

A

The full effect of the drug isn’t getting to the site of action

23
Q

What is functional tolerance?

A

Decreased responsiveness at the site of action

24
Q

Explain how the site of action becomes less responsive during functional tolerance.

A
  1. Fewer receptors
  2. Decreased efficiency of binding at receptors
  3. Receptors become less responsive.
25
Q

Which type of drug shows functional tolerance?

A

Psychoactive drugs
* As the brain compensates for changes due to drug

26
Q

What are the different types of antipsychotics?

A

2nd gen antipsychotics

27
Q

What are the characteristics of 1st gen antipsychotics?

A
  • Relieve + symptoms of schizophrenia
  • Antagonist of dopamine receptors
28
Q

What are the characteristics of 2nd gen antipsychotics?

A
  • Helps in receiving - symptoms
  • Has other actions other than being a dopamine antagonist
  • Blocks certain dopamine receptors
29
Q

Antidepressants can act to increase what?

A

Increased synaptic transmission

30
Q

What’s the function of tricyclic antidepressants?

A
  • Block reuptake of transmitter molecules into the presynaptic terminal
31
Q

What are examples of antidepressants?

A
  1. Tricyclic antidepressants
  2. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO)
  3. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (S.S.R.Is)
32
Q

What are the different anxiolytics?

A

Benzodiazepines

33
Q

Explain how benzodiazepines help with anxiety.

A
  • The reduce the excitability of neurons
  • Bind to specific sites on GABA receptors, enhance the activity of GABA to produce larger IPSPs
34
Q

What is a common benzodiazepine?

A

Xanax

35
Q

What are some recognizable opiates?

A
  1. Heroin, methadone
  2. Narcotics (pain relievers)
36
Q

What do opiates bind to?

A

Bind to opioid receptors concentrated in various regions of the brain.

37
Q

Opiates are agonists for…?

A

Mu opioid receptors
*Inhibition of neuron

38
Q

Why are the effects of opioid drugs widespread?

A

Mu-opioid receptors are in most regions of the brain so its effects are felt across the brain.

39
Q

What drug is methadone used to reverse?

A

Combats heroin addiction

40
Q

How does methadone function?

A
  1. Binds to the same receptor as an agonist (heroin & morphine)
  2. Has a gradual effect
    (!! no crash = moderate withdrawal !!)
41
Q

What are the possible cons of methadone?

A
  1. Still highly addictive
  2. Less pleasurable, less dangerous.
42
Q

Why is Naloxone (Narcan) used for overdoses?

A
  1. Opioid receptor antagonist
  2. It reverses opioid overdose
43
Q

Opioids that Narcan reverses?

A
  1. Morphine
  2. Heroin
  3. Fentanyl
  4. Methadone
44
Q

What are the internal factors that increase the risk of drug addiction?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Sex
  3. Poor emotional regulation
45
Q

What external factors could increase the risk of drug addiction?

A
  1. Context of exposure (exposure @ home/hospital)
  2. Living situation (high drug rate neighborhood)
  3. Poor family life
46
Q

Explain the “moral model” theory of addiction.

A
  1. Weakness of character & lack of self-control
    CONS: punishments & scolding don’t really work
    Ex: DARE/ “Just say no”
47
Q

Explain the “disease model” theory of addiction.

A
  1. People need medical treatment rather than being punished
    CONS: no disease-like physical abnormality has been identified that cause addiction.
    Ex: The War on Drugs
48
Q

What is the positive reward model?

A

Drugs are reinforcing

PSB 2000 (14 decks)

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