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chemistry yr 11 > mod 3 > Flashcards

mod 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are indicators of chemical change?

A
  • production of bubbles (a new gas is formed)
  • production of odour
  • change in temperature (exo or endo reactions)
  • formation of precipitate
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2
Q

Molecular Modelling Kit advantages:

A
  • visual representation of bond breaking and forming
  • shows different types of bonds
  • shows the conservation of mass
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3
Q

Molecular Modelling Kit disadvantages:

A

doesn’t show:
- electron transfer
- bond strength
- why bonds form
- show exo or endo reactions

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4
Q

How to write net ionic equations?

A
  1. balance your chemical equation
  2. break aqueous ionic molecules into their aqueous ions
  3. cancel ions that are on both reactant and product sides
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5
Q

What are the types of reactions?

A
  • synthesis
  • decomposition
  • combustion
  • precipitation
  • acid/base
  • acid/carbonate
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6
Q

What is synthesis?

A

also known as a combustion reaction, involves the reaction between 2 or more substances forming a new substance
energy OUTPUT (create bonds)
A+B –> C
- nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent compound
- nonmetal + metal = ionic compound

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7
Q

What is decomposition?

A

is when one reactant is broken down into 2 or more constituent substances
energy INPUT (break bonds)
C –> A+B

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8
Q

What is combustion?

A

synthesis reaction that requires burning a substance in oxygen at high temperatures
exothermic
1. complete combustion creates: (assume reaction is complete unless told otherwise) (blue flame)
fuel+O2 –> CO2+H2O
2. incomplete combustion creates: (yellow sooty flame)
fuel+O2 –> CO2+CO+C+H2O
NOTE: coeff of fuel must be 1 so coeff of O2 can be fraction

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9
Q

What is precipitation?

A

involves to solutions mixing together to form an insoluble solid (precipitate)
predicted using solubility rules (NAG SAG –> PMS for group 7 and sulfate –> CastroBear for sulfate)

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10
Q

What is an acid/base reaction?

A

also known as a neutralisation reaction between an acid (pH<7) and a base (pH>7)
exothermic
acid+base –> salt+H2O
NOTE: salt can be soluble (aq) or not (s) use solubility rules

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11
Q

What is an acid/carbonate reaction?

A

is a special type of neutralisation reaction between an acid and carbonate
exothermic
acid+carbonate –> salt+H2O+CO2

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12
Q

What are the types of metal reactions?

A
  • metals and water
  • metals and dilute acids
  • metals and oxygen
  • metals and metal ions
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13
Q

Metal reactivity series:

A

Na>Ca>Mg>Zn>Fe>Cu

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14
Q

Metals + Water –>

A

metal+H2O(l) –> metal+hydroxide+H2(g)
metal+H2O(g) –> metal oxide+H2(g)

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15
Q

Metals + Dilute Acids –>

A

metal+acid –> salt+H2(g)

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16
Q

Metals + Oxygen –>

A

metal+O2(g) –> metal oxide

17
Q

Metals + Metal Ions –>

A

is a displacement reaction
metal solid 1(s)+metal 2 ions(aq) –> metal solid 2(s)+metal 1 ions(aq)
NOTE: only if reactivity of metal 1(s) > metal 2(aq)
OBSERVATIONS: solid becomes smaller

18
Q

What is the oxidation state/number of an atom? (OS)

A

is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all bonding was ionic
you find this using net ionic equations
- molecules with one element or neutral atoms = 0 OS
- ions or polyatomic ions = sum of all atoms’ OS = overall OS
- Fl = -1 OS
- O = -2 OS
- H = -1 OS (metal hydrides)
- H = +1 OS (covalent compounds)

19
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

is a reduction-oxidation reaction when one species is being oxidised and the other is being reduces (always happens in a pair)
oxidising species = reducing agent
reducing species = oxidising agent

20
Q

What is oxidation?

A

is the INCREASE in oxidation state (OS)

21
Q

What is reduction?

A

is the DECREASE in oxidation state (OS)

22
Q

Standard Reduction Potentials Table shows

A

the order of metals HARDEST to REDUCE / EASIEST to OXIDISE (more reactive = harder to reduce)
- minus sign means non-spontaneous and NEEDS energy input
- plus sign means spontaneous and DOESN’T NEED energy input

23
Q

What is a galvanic cell?

A

is a device which uses spontaneous redox reactions to create electricity (converting chemical energy to electrical energy)

24
Q

Components of a galvanic cell:

A
  • 2 half cells (oxidation and reduction)
  • 2 electrodes made from metal solid as the site of redox reactions (anode for oxidation and cathode for reduction)
  • 2 electrolytes made from aqueous metals ions (anolyte for oxidation and catholyte for reduction)
  • salt bridge made from KNO3 (always soluble)
25
Q

Why do we need a salt bridge?

A
  • complete the electrical circuit flow
  • maintain electrical neutrality of each half cell (so electrons don’t pile up from anode to cathode side)
26
Q

Galvanic cell notation:

A

anode/anolyte//catholyte/cathode
(// = salt bridge)

27
Q

What is collision theory?

A

proposes that all molecules move around and collide independently. chemical reactions only result from successful collisions
1. sufficient kinetic energy (to overcome EA)
2. correct orientation

28
Q

What are the assumptions made by the collision theory?

A
  1. molecules are spherical
  2. molecules travel in a straight line
  3. only 2 molecules can collide
  4. collisions either occur or don’t
29
Q

What is the rate of reaction (ROR)?

A

is a measure of how fast reactants are consumed and products are formed. calculated by:
change in concentration of products
/
change in time

30
Q

What is the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution (MBD)?

A

describes the molecular distribution of kinetic energy in any sample of matter with constants being
- SA, temp and conc
x axis = kinetic energy (J) and y axis = no. of particles

31
Q

What is Activation Energy (EA)?

A

the minimum energy required by a molecule to undergo successful collisions in Joules (J)
- varies from chemical to chemical

32
Q

How can you increase ROR?

A
  • increase SA
  • increase temperature
  • increase concentration
  • add catalyst
33
Q

What happens when you increase SA?

A

the collisional cross-section area between the reagents increases so ROR increases
MBD moves up
- area inside curve increases
- same shape but taller (more particles colliding)
- total frequency of collisions stays same (aren’t getting faster)

34
Q

What happens when you increase concentration?

A

the total frequency of collisions increase so ROR increases
MBD moves up
- area inside curve increases
- same shape but taller

35
Q

What happens when you increase temperature?

A

the total frequency of collisions increase so ROR increases
MBD shifts right
- area inside curve stays same (no particles are added)
- height reduced, curve got fatter

36
Q

What happens when you add a catalyst?

A

the non-reagent decreases the activation energy needed for a successful collision so ROR increases
MBD doesn’t move
- lower EA

37
Q

What is an energy profile diagram?

A

shows the change in internal energy overtime. 2 types
- exothermic (products lower than reactants)(energy released)
- endothermic (products higher than reactants)(energy absorbed)

38
Q

Aboriginal detoxification:

A
  1. cut up fruit and place in mesh bags (increase surface area)
  2. soak in water to leach out toxins
  3. heat the fruit (thermal decomposition) of toxins
  4. place fruits in mesh bag in running stream of water to leach out toxins
  5. ferment to leach out toxins
39
Q
A

chemistry yr 11 (4 decks)

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