Mod 2 Quiz Flashcards
altruism
behaving in a way that benefits another individual, at a personal cost to oneself (giving money to homeless)
angiosperm
flowering plants (with fruit)
angiosperm hypothesis
features were the result of exploiting fruits on terminal branches of trees
arboreal hypothesis
adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle
ex. Grasping hands and binocular vision
Behavioral flexibility hypothesis
-Learn new solutions to problems from others
-Cope with both ecological and social challenges
Bilophodont vs Y5 molars
bilophodont: teeth where ridge connects cusps opposite one another
Y5 molars: dividing the cusps
Binocular vision
facilitates running and leaping in trees
By-product mutualism
Selfism, independent actions incidentally benefit others
(ex. Each hunter tries to catch his own monkey)
Dilution
Detection
Deterrence
safety in numbers
More eyes to spot predators
power in numbers
Diurnal vs nocturnal
active during day vs. active during night
Ecological hypothesis
-Foraging demands have favored big brains
-Facilitates complex foraging techniques
-Allows for innovation and social learning
Expensive brain hypothesis
Big brain shapes primate life histories
Female philopatry
females stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the males migrate to other groups
Frugivore
eats mostly fruit
Folivore
eats mostly leaves
Gestation
pregnancy
Gramnivores
eats mostly grass
Gumnivore
eats mostly gum (tree sap)
Hamilton’s Rule
Altruism linked to kin (kin selection)
br>c
b=sum of benefits individuals affected by behavior
r=coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipients
c=fitness cost to individual performing behavior
Hominoidea
apes
Impact-hunter hypothesis
Chimp A hunts: reduces costs for B → B hunts: reduces costs for A, reduces cost for C → C hunts
Insectivore
eating mostly insects
Inter-sexual selection
-variance in reproduction resulting from preferences that one sex has for members of the other sex (usually female choice)
-INDIRECT COMPETITION
-Competition between sperm of two or more males for the fertilization of a single female (ex. like buying raffle ticket)
Intra-sexual selection
-variance in reproduction resulting from competition between individuals within a sex for access to the other sex (usually male-male)
-DIRECT COMPETITION
-Males compete with each other to maximize # mates (male competition)
Ischial tuberosity
V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface/helps absorb weight when sitting
Life history
features of the life cycle and their timing; strategy of when to be born, when to be weaned, when to reproduce and when to die
Male philopatry
males stay and breen in the group in which they were born and the female migrate to other groups
Mandibular fusion
an adaptative response to maximize unilateral molar bite force by utilizing a greater percentage of balancing-side muscle force
Mutualism
mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being (everyone help get food or no food)
Neocortex
-folded, outer layer of the forebrain
- involves problem solving, behavioral flexibility
Olfaction
sense of smell
Post-orbital bar vs closure
P.O.B. - bar over opening between front and back of skull
Closure- no opening between front and back of skull
Primate mating systems
the ways animals find mates and care for offspring
Quadrupedal locomotion
-Walking on all four limbs
-Forelimbs and hind limbs about equal length
Reciprocal altruism
-Individuals balance reciprocal acts
-different currencies (grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support)
Rhinarium
tip of nose without fur
Self-interest
one’s personal interest, especially when pursued without regard for others
Senescence
decline in bodily functions due to age
Social brain hypothesis
-Individuals that can meet social challenges have an advantage
-Selection favors more powerful “social” cognition
Spite
desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone
Strepsirrhine
suborder of primates that includes lemurs, bush babies, pottos, and lorises.
Suspensory locomotion
-Mobile shoulder joint
-Forelimbs longer than hind limbs
Tapetum lucidum
-Membrane that reflects light
-Enhances night vision
Toothcomb
dental structure comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming
Tarsier
haplorhine primates, SE asia, nocturnal but no tapetum lucidum, only carnivorous primate
Vertical clinging and leaping
-Moving between trees trunk to trunk or branch to trunk
-Hind limbs longer than forelimbs
Visual predation hypothesis
features allowed for primates to prey on insects at the end of fine branches of trees
Why do we study primates?
to learn about psychological processes as models for our behavior and diseases
6 traits that primates share
-large brains, vision better than smell, grasping hands, long lifespans/slow growth, few offspring, complex social groups
What are the three hypotheses that are used to explain the traits of the last common
ancestor of all primates? What are some problems with these hypotheses?
- Arboreal hypothesis probelm: the most “primitive” primates depend on fruit and other plant matter (not insects)
- Visual Predation/
- Angiosperm Hypothesis
What is the relationship between primate body size and diet? What does basal
metabolic rate (BMR) have to do with this?
-Primate body size reflects diet
-Lower quality diets associated with larger body size
-(BMR): rate of energy use at rest
-Small animals need relatively high quality food while large animals can get by on lower quality food
3 types of locomotion/physical traits
-quadrupedal: fore/hind limbs same length and wide chest front to back
-vertical clinging and leaping (VCL): longer hindlinms that forelimbs
-suspensory: forelimbs longer than hindlimbs and wider chest side to side
What do males/females gain by investing in mating effort?
males: good genes/care for offspring/multiple conceptions
females: good genes/territory
Offspring care/reduce risk of infanticide/
increase prob. Of fertilization
What do males/females gain by investing in parenting effort?
males: enhance safety/infant growth and development/enhance female fertility
* enhances male fitness if he can direct investment to own offspring/if he’ll sire next offspring
females: increase offspring growth rates, stronger immune function, warmth, security, and social support
How might kin selection explain altruism?
More closely related individuals (higher r) can afford more costly acts of altruism
What are the 2 behaviors we discussed in lecture that show kin bias?
grooming and coalitions/alliances
What is the collective action problem with regard to chimpanzee hunting?
each hunter tries to catch his own monkey, reduces costs/creates opportunities for other monkeys
What aspects of primate behavior and biology does life-history theory help explain?
-How mature organism is at birth
-Pace and duration of juvenile growth
-How often adult reproduces and how many produced in life event
How do we measure life history?
Age of weaning, age of first reproduction, birth rates, interbirth intervals, liter size, maximum life span, growth rates
What are the 3 hypotheses that explain why primates might have big brains?
ecological/social hypothesis, life history theory
strepsirrhines
example species: lemurs
-diet:Fruits, seeds, flowers, insects
-located:Africa,Asia,Madagascar
-Rhinarium (wet nose) + strepsi (twisted) = strepsirrhini (most mammals have these noses)
-Postorbital bar, but no closure
-Long snout (for a primate)
-Toothcomb
haplorrhines
example species:tarsiers
-diet: insects
-located: SE asia
-Elongated tarsal bones
-Nocturnal, but NO tapetum lucidum
-Only fully carnivorous primate
-Postorbital closure (unlike strepsirrhines)
-Each of tarsier’s eyes are bigger than its brain
old world monkeys
example species: colobus monkeys, langurs
-diet: mainly leaves
-located: SE Asia, Africa
-narrow, downward facing nostrils
-bilophodont teeth: ridge connecrs cusps opposite one another
new world monkeys
example species: capuchins/howlers
-diet: fruit/leaves
-located: mexico, central/south america
-Fused mandibles (unlike tarsiers and strepsirrhines)
-Some have prehensile (grasping) tails
apes/hominoids
example species: chimps, gorillas, bonobos
-diet: leaves/fruit
-located: central africa/se asia
Hominoids don’t have tails → gorillas
Costs of group living
-Larger groups travel more (resources go quicker so movement necessary to fulfill all needs)
-Mating competition
-Higher risk of disease
-Evidence about disease prevalence is limited
