MOD 2 Lecture 14: Anatomical terms w/ Danni

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

The science of the structure of the body

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

The study of function

Question 3

What is Gross Anatomy?

Answer 3

The study of MACRO anatomy

Question 4

Describe a body considered to be positioned at 0 degrees.

Answer 4

The anatomical position: The body is erect, with the feet parallell and flat on the floor. Arm hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body.

Question 5

What is the supine position?

Answer 5

When the body is lying flat on its back, palms down.

Question 6

What is the clinical position term for a patient lying on his tummy?

Answer 6

Prone position

Question 7

The body can be divided into two major regions, what are these?

Answer 7

1. Axial (head, neck and trunk - the vertical axis of the body)
2. Appendicular (upper and lower limbs)

Question 8

List the body cavities

Answer 8

Dorsal body cavities: Cranial and vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavities: Thoraic- superior mediastirnum(throat and top of heart), pleural cavity (lungs), pericardial cavity (rest of heart) within the mediastirnum, abdominal, pelvis

Question 9

What is the “front and back” in directional terminiology?

Answer 9

Anterior/ventral (front) and posterior/dorsal (back)

Question 10

What is “above and below” in directional terminology?

Answer 10

Superior / Cranial (above/ closer to the top) and Inferior /Caudal (below /closer to the bottom) (Caudal = tail, not used in humans?)

Question 11

What does “medial” and “lateral” mean?

Answer 11

Medial is referring to the middle of the body, and lateral means further away from the middle. (illustrated with a line that goes straight down the middle of a body and two arrows pointing in to the middle / away from the middle)

Question 12

What directional term would you use to describe that one point of a limb is closer to the body, than another point on the same limb?

Answer 12

Proximal (i.e. the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

Question 13

When do you use the term “distal”?

Answer 13

When referring to two points on the same limb, where the point you are referring to is further away from the body. I.e. the wrist is distal to elbow.

Question 14

What does “lateral” mean in directional terminolgy?

Answer 14

“Lateral” refers to side of body - “unilateral back pain” means pain on one side; “biateral” means on both sides.

“Ipsilateral upper and lower limbs” can refer to “left arm and left leg”
Contralateral refers to the oppsosite, i.e left arm and right leg.

Question 15

What are the three primary planes?

Answer 15

1. Saggital plane (cuts the body in half, left to right)
2. Coronal plane (cuts body in half front to back)
3. Transverse plane (cuts body in half top to bottom)

Question 16

What are the three primary axis?

Answer 16

Coronal axis, Saggital (anterior - posterior) axis, longitudinal axis

Question 17

What is the name of the plane that divides the body into a right and left half?
And, what is the name of its corresponding axis?

Answer 17

Sagittal plane

Coronal/Left-Right axis

Question 18

What is the name of the plane that divides the body in the front and the back (anterior and posterior part)?

And what is the name of its corresponding axis?

Answer 18

Coronal plane

Saggital/Anterior-Posterior axis

Question 19

What is the name of the plane that divides the body in the upper and lower half?

And what is the name of its corresponding axis?

Answer 19

Transverse plane (like you are standing in a pool of water)

Superior/Inferior axis / vertical axis /Longitudinal axis (in which horizontal movements occur when the body is the anatomical position, for example rotating the head (to gaze on the horizon), medial rotation, lateral rotation)

Question 20

What is it called when the arm or leg is moving away from the body in the coronal plane?

Answer 20

Abduction, the opposite (moving towards the body) is adduction

Question 21

Up and down, as in opening and closing the mouth, is called…

Answer 21

elevation (close mouth) and depression

Question 22

Out and in, as in pushing your chin foreward or back, is called…

Answer 22

Protraction (out) and retraction (in)

Question 23

Opposition is..

Answer 23

touching each of the fingers onto the tip of the thumb

Question 24

What is the difference between distal and proximal?

Answer 24

Proximal is closer to the body
Distal is further from the body.

E.g. the wrist is proximal to the elbow and the elbow is distal from the armpit.

Question 25

When should you use proximal and distal?

Answer 25

When referring to 2 points on the same limb.
Cannot be used to describe points on the trunk of the body

Question 26

What are the different types of saggital planes?

Answer 26

1. Mid-saggital (cuts body evenly in half, left to right)
2. Para-saggital (cuts the body unevenly in half

Question 27

How would you describe the inside of the body and close to the surface of the body?

Answer 27

1. Superficial: skin superficial to muscle
2. Deep: brain is deep to the skull