Mod 2 - Epidemiology, Risk Factors & Financial Impact

Question 1

Name the 6 Core Epidemiological Functions

Answer 1

1. Health Surveillance
2. Field Investigations
3. Analytic Studies
4. Evaluation
5. Linkages
6. Policy Development

Question 2

What are counts and how are they used?

Answer 2

-Number of cases used to determine the extent and patterns.
-Can indicate clusters/outbreaks
-Used in planning (i.e., how many vaccines may be required)

Question 3

What are rates and how are they used?

Answer 3

-The number of cases divided by the population size per unit of time.
-Used to compare frequency of pathology in different locations whose populations differ in size.

Question 4

How is incidence calculated? Numerator & Denominator (p/q)

Answer 4

-Numerator (p) = number of new cases of disease during specified time interval
-Denominator (q) = population (at risk) at start of time interval

Question 5

How is prevalence calculated? Numerator & Denominator (p/q)

Answer 5

-Numerator (p) = number of cases (new and preexisting) at a specified point in time
-Denominator (q) = population (at risk) at the same specified point in time

Question 6

What impacts the occurrence / causation of STIs?

Answer 6

-Agent
-Host
-Environment

Question 7

What is meant by the “incubation period”?

Answer 7

The time between exposure and symptom onset. Disease may be passed on to others. Pathological changes occur, but subclinical disease.

Question 8

Define the stages of the Spectrum of Disease (progression)

Answer 8

1. Susceptibility (risk, pre-exposure)
2. Subclinical disease (post exposure, pathological changes)
3. Clinical disease (symptom onset, usual time of diagnosis)
4. Recovery, Disability, Death

Question 9

How do STBBIs spread (reproductivity equation)?

Answer 9

R0 = t ∙ c ∙ d

R0 = Reproductive rate; number of secondary cases
t = transmission efficiency; probability of infection
c = rate of contact between infected and susceptible host
d = duration of infectiousness

Question 10

What are the 4 Core Pillars of the Pan-Canadian STBBI Framework for Action?

Answer 10

1. Prevention
2. Testing
3. Initiation of Care and Treatment
4. Ongoing Care

Question 11

How are the 4 Core Pillars of the Pan-Canadian STBBI Framework for Action supported (foundation)?

Answer 11

1. Surveillance
2. Research
3. Knowledge mobilization
4. Monitoring and Evaluation

Question 12

How is Surveillance defined/used in the Core Pillars?

Answer 12

-Systems provide key information about the epidimiology of STBBI
-Help identify key populations and locations where action is needed
-Can also contribute to monitoring and evaluation policies, programs, and interventions

Question 13

How is Research defined/used in the Core Pillars?

Answer 13

-Essential to dvelop STBBI related polices, programs, and interventions
-Development of innovative interventions and treatment methodologies is neccessary to reduce health impact of STBBI

Question 14

How is Knowledge Mobilization defined/used in the Core Pillars?

Answer 14

-Enhances the integration of information and evidence into programs and policies to prevent and control STBBI
-Supports more effective health services and products to strengthen the healthcare system overall

Question 15

How is Monitoring and Evaluation defined/used in the Core Pillars?

Answer 15

-Determines progress and identifies gaps or limitations of policies, programs, and interventions
-All concrete actions identified as part of specific implementation plans must be regularly monitored and evaluated to measure their effectiveness