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T2 Endo/Repro > MOD 2 > Flashcards

MOD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

benign follicular cyst

A

distended follicle, lined by granulosa cells and filled with clear fluid, can cause pain/rupture

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2
Q

Hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts

A

from CL that fills with blood/fluid, can cause pain/bleeding, look like diffusely large ovary

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3
Q

Ectopic preg
path
what is elev?

A

usu in fallopian tube but CAN be in ovary, can have pain/bleeding, rupture is surgical emergency and inv hemorr
B-HCG elev!

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4
Q

which ovarian tumors are usu bilateral/ occur in women >45?

A

malig ovarian tumors

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5
Q

risk factors for ovarian tumors?

protective factors?

A

nullparity, older age, turners (ovarian dysgenesis) etc

-protective factors preg and OCP

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6
Q

genetics of ovarian tumors

A

BRCA, lynch syndrome (usu endometrial with MMR issue), HER-2, early p53 etc

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7
Q

what are the 3 major compartments where ovarian tumors can arise?

A

Surface epithelium
Stroma
Germ cells

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8
Q

Serous tumors type 1 and 2

A

type 1 progress from benign thru borderline to get to low grade carc
type 2 mostly due to p53 mut, high grade

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9
Q

Serous tumors
Benign
Borderline
Malig/ marker?

A

benign serious (cystadenoma)- singler layer of cil epith prod yellow/clear fluid, can bey cystic or papillary or solid

  • borderline serious: fingerlike prolif, can have compl like bowel obstr, px good if stays in ovary, NO prolif/invazn
  • malig serious: (cystadenocarcinoma), similar to borderline but have invasion, can spread to perit, usu bilateral, have marker CA125! (low grade is KRAS/BRAF/HER2 and high grade is p53/BRCA)
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10
Q

Mucinous tumor/ marker
Benign
Borderline
malig

A

Marker: CEA! kras mut assoc, ascites, etc

  • benign: similar to serous but single layer of col mucin-secr epith (similar to intest epith), assoc with fcystic teratomas
  • borderline: prolif of epith but no invazn
  • malig: stromal invazn, likely bilateral, usu metastatic from GI/pancr/breast
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11
Q

Endometrioid tumor

A

malig carc, assoc with endometriosis thru PTEN mut

-cx by atypical hyperplasia, can diff into carc and sarc forming MMMT (malig mixed mullerian tumor)

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12
Q

Clear cell carc

A

aggro, postmeno women, assoc with endometr

-histo: hobnail cells (enlarged nucl bulges into cyto), and vacuolated clear cyto

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13
Q

Brenner tumor

A

microscopic calc, elongated nuclei (coffee bean nuclei aka grooved nuclei), usu benign but can invade

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14
Q

Germ cell tumor types

A

Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)
Immature teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac / endodermal sinus tumor

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15
Q

Mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

A

tissue from all 3 gemr layers, ectoderm usu, cystic cavity filled with fat and hair (or tooth) and can have irreg calcs, can rupture or cause hemolytic anemia

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16
Q

Immature teratoma

A

infrequent but can be malig, immature neural tissue, primitive mesenchyma cells, maybe some cartilage etc

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17
Q 
dysgerminoma
px
pop
histo
gross
markers
A

radiosens, excellent px

  • histo: pale clear cells, PAS + clear cyto with intervening stroma/lymphos/plasma cells
  • appear in adolescence and assoc with gonadal dysgen like streak ovaries
  • gross: solid, lobulated, gray-white
  • PAS + and CD117+
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18
Q 
Endodermal sinus tumor 
(yolk sac tumor) 
pop
histo
elev
A

v malig, young kids
schiller-duval bodies, necr/hem
AFP+

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19
Q

Sex cord-stroma tumors

A

Fibroma/thecoma, granulosa/theca cell tumor, sertoli-leydig cell tumor (androblastoma)

20
Q

Metastatic tumor to ovaries example

A

Krukenberg tumor

21
Q

fibroma/thecoma

gross, assoc

A

postmeno women, vaginal bleeding

  • fibroma is white and thecoma is yellow//fatty
  • assoc with Meig’s syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion and basal cell nevus skin/nerv/bone syndrome)
22
Q

granulosa-theca cell tumor

-histo, elev

A

makes estrogens leading to precocious puberty, bleeding, carc etc
-histo has call-exner bodies (EMPTY CYTOPLASM), coffee bean nuclei, and inhibin A/B markers

23
Q

Sertoli-Leydig (androblastoma)

histo

A

androgenic tumor with masc

-Reinke crystals (eosinophillic)

24
Q

Krukenberg tumor

histo etc

A

metastatic from GI tract, has mucin and signet ring cells, usu bilat

25
Q

What does the chorion do and what is it made of

A

transfers nutrients to fetus, has villi, has cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast (which secretes hcg from villi into maternal circulation, preg tests measure this)

26
Q

chronic follicular salpingitis?

A

scarring of salping (fallopian tube) after PID, commonly causes ectopic preg

27
Q

Cornual vs Tubal pregnancy (from chronic follicular salpingitis)

A

cornual- ectopic preg in intrauterine part of fall tube

tubul- tubal preg thru fimbriated end into abd cavity

28
Q

Most common cause of hematosalpinx

-when does it occur?

A

Tubal pregnancy! causes blood in fall tube (know this!), gest sac thins tube and causes rupture causing intraperitoneal hemm
-severe abdominal pain at 6 weeks after period

29
Q

If monochorionic and monoamniotic past day 13 may mean?

A

conjoined twins

30
Q

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease examples

A

Hyatidform or invasive mole, or chiorcarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumors

31
Q

Which tumors produce HpL (human placental lactogen)

A

Placental-site trophoblastic tumors

32
Q

Molar pregancy types and what they are

A
  • Complete hyatidiform mole- fert of empty ovum and have only paternal chrom (more common)
  • Partial- triploid gestiations– 2 sperm 1 ovum 2:1 ration of chrom
  • Early complete, and
  • Invasive molar preg– penetrates musc water of uterus
33
Q

Placenta previa

A

placenta overlies exit of cervical canal and req C section for delivery

34
Q

Preeclampsia

and what is it assoc with

A

need both HTN and proteinuria (severe is this with one of other stuff like oliguria, CNS, pulm , RUQ pain, hepatocell, thrombo, growth restr, etc)

assoc with hypercoag state

35
Q

What is NOT preecplamsia?

A

new onset HTN without proteinuria after 20 wk gestation (if before with new onset then is)

36
Q

Eclampsia

A

new onset seizures during preg

37
Q

abruptio placentae

  • what is it
  • what is it assoc with
  • what must you watch out for
A

placenta separates from uterus, causing retroperiot hemorr, (hallmark is painful vaginal bleeding in 3rd trim), uterine issues, fetal distress

  • assoc with maternal trauma or alc or coke or delv of 1st twin or amniocentesis needle
  • underlying htn
  • watch out for DIC
38
Q

Kleihauer-Betke test

and what happens when its not done

A

acid elution test that measures amount of fetal hb in mothers blood

  • impt for Rh- mothers bc determines amt of chemical to inhib Rh ab’s/Rh disease in future
  • hydrops erythroblastosis if not done when needed
39
Q

What indicates intrauterine growth retardation?

A

measured by large head circumference (head bigger than body is long)

40
Q

Chrioamnionitis

A

amniotic fluid infxn, placental infxn is leading cause of premature delviery at <32 wk, nonfatal, usu ascending route

41
Q

TORCH infections

A

Toxo, Other (syphilis and viruses), Rubella, CMV, HSV

-titers incl testing for IgG or IgM ab’s (more than one)

42
Q

does amnion or chorion split first

A

Amnion! so can be diamnionic monochrionic monozygotic twins

43
Q

most common time to find ectopic tubal preg

A

6 wks

44
Q

When does preeclampsia commonly manifest?

A

34 weeks of gestation (but earlier in women who have hyatidform mole)

45
Q

Gestational choriocarcinoma lacks…?

A

villi

T2 Endo/Repro (11 decks)

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