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EMS > MoD 2 > Flashcards

MoD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the units that make up a viruses protein coat?

A

Capsomeres

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2
Q

What makes up the cell wall of microfungi?

A

chitin

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3
Q

The most common yeast infection is ‘thrush’ caused by?

A

Candida albicans

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4
Q

What are protists and what are their four classes?

A

Protists are unicellular eukaryotes.

There are four classes of protista: 
apicomplxa (formerly sporozoa), 
flagellate protista,
ciliate protista
amoebae.
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5
Q

Which Protista causes a vaginal infection which produces a foul smelling discharge?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis.

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6
Q

Gram +ve bacteria cell walls chiefly compose of what?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What does the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram -ve bacteria contain

A

lipopolysaccharide

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8
Q

What is a fomite?

A

any Inanimate objects such as paper, pens, surgical instruments, etc. which may also act as the vectors of infection.

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9
Q

What are the four types of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism
Neutralism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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10
Q

Which bacteria are common flora on the skin?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

eg. Staphylococcus epidermis

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11
Q

Which bacteria is common flora in the nasal cavity?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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12
Q

Which hospital acquired infection is a major risk of treatment with antibiotics and what does it cause?

A

Clostridium difficile

This causes diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis

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13
Q

what is MRSA?

A

Meticillin-resistant S. aureus

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14
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A 
The qualitative ability of a micro-organism to cause an infection. Requires:
Transmissibility
Establishment in or on a host
Harmful effect(s)
Persistence
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15
Q

What is virulence?

A

The quantitative degree to which a micro-organism is able to cause disease.

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16
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Organism should be present in disease but not in health.
Organism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture
Organism should cause the same disease in a newly inoculated animal.
Organism should be re-isolated from the experimentally-infected animal.

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17
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The ability of a micro-organism to become established on/in a host

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18
Q

What is endotoxin?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the cell wall of gram -ve bacteria such as E. coli and Neisseria meningitides.
It is Released from damaged/dead cells.

19
Q

What is the host response to endotoxin?

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):

  • Uncontrolled T-lymphocyte response
  • Uncontrolled activation of the clotting cascade
  • Uncontrolled activation of complement
20
Q

What is exotoxin?

A

Proteins produced by living bacteria

21
Q

What causes Botulism, how does it present clinically and how is it treated?

A

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.
Can be ingested in food or through infection of a dirty wound.

Patients present with: Diplopia, Dysphagia, Dysarthria, Dry mouth
eventually flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure.

Treated with penicillin and botulinum antitoxin

22
Q

What causes Tetanus, how does it present clinically and how is it treated?

A

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani after infection of dirty wound.

Patients present with lock jaw and muscle rigidity, which progresses to respiratory failure

Treated with metronidazole and tetanus antitoxin

23
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

Exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis

24
Q

What causes scarlet fever?

A

Exotoxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes

25
Q

What are the possible sequelae of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Occlusion
  • Weakening of the vessel wall (aneurysm)
  • Erosion (thrombosis formation)
26
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A
  • Endothelial injury
  • Blood stasis
  • Hypercoagubility
27
Q

Risk factors of venous thrombosis:

A
  • Incompetent valves
  • Immobility
  • Hypercoagubility caused by:
    inflammatory mediators (due to infection or malignancy),
    factor V leiden,
    oestrogen
28
Q

What is a mural thrombi and where and why might this occur?

A

Mural thrombi occur in the heart over areas of myocardial injury, this can be due to MI and myocarditis.
Can also occur with arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy.

29
Q

Name the different substances which can embolise:

A

Thrombus - venous or arterial
Infective - vegetations on heart valves
Tumour - as they penetrate vessels to metastasise
Gas - air in surgery or nitrogen in the bends
Amniotic - during labour
Fat - significant trauma
Foreign body - injected intravenously

30
Q

What is reperfusion injury?

A

Reperfusion of non-infarcted but ischaemic tissues leading to generation of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells causing further cell damage

31
Q

Causes of an ischaemic stroke:

A

Thrombosis secondary to atherosclerosis

Embolism eg. mural thrombus

32
Q

Causes of a haemorrhagic stroke:

A

Intracerebral haemorrhage due to hypertension

Ruptured aneurysm eg. at the circle of willis

33
Q

What is dry, wet and gas gangrene?

A

Dry gangrene
Ischaemic coagulative necrosis only

Wet gangrene
Superimposed infection

Gas gangrene
Superimposed infection with gas producing organism

34
Q

What is shock?

A

a significant reduction of systemic tissue perfusion (severe hypotension) resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues.

35
Q

What are the cellular effects of shock?

A

Membrane ion pump dysfunction
Intracellular swelling
Leakage of intracellular contents into the extracellular space
Inadequate regulation of intracellular pH
Anerobic respiration generating lactic acid

36
Q

What are the systemic effects of shock?

A

Alterations in the serum pH (acidaemia)
Endothelial dysfunction causing vascular leakage
Stimulation of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cascades
End-organ damage (ischaemia)

37
Q

What are the three types of shock?

A

HYPOVOLAEMIC - Intravascular fluid loss
CARDIOGENIC- Cardiac pump failure
DISTRIBUTIVE -

38
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock?

A

Haemorrhagic - eg. Trauma, ruptured aneurysm

Non-haemorrhagic fluid loss - eg. Diarrhoea, vomiting, burns, third spacing

39
Q

What is third spacing?

A

Acute loss of fluid into internal body cavities

Third-space losses are common postoperatively and in intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, or cirrhosis.

40
Q

What are the 4 categories of cardiogenic shock?

A

Myopathic (heart muscle failure)
Arrythmia-related (abnormal electrical activity)
Mechanical
Extra-cardiac (obstruction to blood outflow)

41
Q

What is Distributive shock?

A

A decrease in systemic vascular resistance due to severe vasodilation

Has several subtypes including: Septic shock, Anaphylactic shock, Neurogenic shock, Toxic shock syndrome

42
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

Spinal injury or anaesthetic accident causing loss of sympathetic vascular tone, leading to vasodilation and shock

43
Q

What happens during septic shock?

A

Severe, over-whelming systemic infections
The massive release of cytokines causes vasodilation.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation can lead to ischaemia

44
Q

What is Toxic shock syndrome?

A

Staph. aureus / Strep. pyogenes produce exotoxins called superantigens
which do not require processing by antigen-presenting cells. This causes widespread activation of T cells and release of massive amounts of cytokines, reducing systemic vascular resistance

EMS (5 decks)

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