Mod 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 Levels of Warfare
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Describe the Strategic Level of Warfare
“Strategy”
is a prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the Instruments of National Power in synchronized and integrative fashion to achieve theater and multinational objectives
Describe the Operational Level of Warfare
Links strategical and tactical levels by establishing operational objectives needed to achieve the military end states and strategic objectives
Describe the Tactical Level of Warfare
Employment and ordered arrangement of forces “boots on the ground” (Think 9 SF Tasks)
Which Section of the US Constitution defines the Presidents Authority as it pertains to the Military
Article II, Section 2 (The Commander in Chief Clause)
What are some examples of Presidential Authority
- Commander in Chief
- Nominates Heads of GOVT Departments
- Make Treaties (with Senate Approval)
- Issue Executive Orders
- Issue Pardons
- Can convene Congress for special sessions
- Veto legislations (can be overruled with 2/3 Congressional support)
- Deliver Annual State of the Union Address
Where is Congressional Authority as it pertains to the military outlined in the US Constitution and what does it say (War and Defense Powers.)
Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to declare war, raise and support Armies, provide and maintain a Navy, and organize, arm, discipline, and call forth a militia.
What are some examples of Congressional Authority
- Legislative Power
- Commerce Power
- Investigatory Power
- Taxing Power
- Spending Power
- Eminent Domain
- Admiralty/Maritime Power
- Postal Power
- Bankruptcy Power
- Naturalization Power
- Copyright and Patent Power
- Power of the Purse
What is the War Powers Resolution (1973)
The President can deploy troops without Congressional approval but has 48 hours to notify Congress, and if Congress does not approve deployment, those troops must be withdrawn within 60 days
Give examples of Military Authorities
Title 6- Domestic Security Title 10- Armed Forces Title 14-Coast Guard Title 32-National Guard Title 50-War and National Defense
What does COCOM stand for and mean
Combatant Command; it is non-transferable authority; the power to assign tasks and objectives within an AO (think Command Authority)
What does ADCON stand for and what does it mean
Administrative Control; control of manning, resourcing/equipping, logistics, individual/unit readiness (not operational but needed to become operational)
What does OPCON stand for and what does it mean
Operational Control; organizing and employing forces under them (Think SOTF controlling units)
What does TACON stand for and mean
Tactical Control; direct authority to control movement and maneuver (M&M) during operations
What are the 3 Functions of the DoD
- Support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic.
- Ensure, by timely and effective military action, the security of the United States, its possessions, and areas vital to its interest.
- Uphold and advance the national policies and interests of the United States.
What are the 2 components of forces (Congress sees the Army as what?) Also Phrased: What are the Combatant Commands and how are they organized
A Generating Force and an Operating Force
What is the Generating Force responsible for
Mans, trains, equips, and ensures readiness by: Recruiting Maintaining Organizing Services Supplying Training Mobilizing Demobilizing Administering Instructing Equipping
What is the Operating Force Responsible for, and how big is it
Deploys and Fights. Makes up 2/3 of the Regular Army, and 3/4 of the Army’s total force
What are the 7 Geographical Combatant Commands (think places)
- Africa Command (AFRICOM)
- Central Command (CENTCOM)
- European Command (EUCOM)
- Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM)
- Northern Command (NORTHCOM)
- Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)
- Space Command (SPACECOM)
What are the 4 Functional Combatant Commands (think activities)
- Cyber Command (CYBERCOM)
- Strategic Command (STRATCOM)
- Transportation Command (TRANSCOM)
- United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)
How does USSOCOM (one of the FCCs) differ from the other 3
USSOCOM is a unified combatant command. It performs service-like functions and has military department-like responsibilities and authorities
What are the 7 TSOCs (Theater Special Operations Commands); they are subordinate unified commands of USSOCOM
- Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAF)
- Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR)
- Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT)
- Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC)
- Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR)
- Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH)
- Special Operations Command North (SOCNORTH)
Who is responsible for National Security Strategy (NSS) and what is its purpose
Approved by the President; it provides goals (ENDS) utilizing the Instruments of National Power
-OR-
coordinating the Instruments of National Power that contribute to the achievement of national security
Who is responsible for National Defense Strategy (NDS) and what is its purpose
*NDS is the Vision
Approved by SECDEF and it provides WAYS to accomplish the NSS to the Joint Chiefs of Staff; coordination between the DoD and other Instruments of National Power to achieve the goals of the NSS
(Coordination between DoD and Congress)
Who is responsible for National Military Strategy (NMS) and what is its purpose
Written by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; it coordinates the elements within the DoD on how they are going to achieve the NDS to further support the NSS
(Distributing and applying military power) MEANS
Define Strategic Direction
The strategy and intent of the President, Secretary of Defense, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in pursuit of national interests
What is the Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) and who is responsible for its creation
Written by SECDEF and is a plan for how DoD plans on accomplishing the National Defense Strategy by giving guidance to the separate DoD elements
What is the Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP)
provides military strategic and operational guidance to combatant commanders and is based on current military capabilities
(it is also a 5 year global strategic plan that is reviewed every 2 years)
What are Combatant Command Campaign Plans (CCPs)
Aligns Day-to-Day activities; implement the combatant commander’s strategy and seeks to shape the operational environment
The Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP) requires that the Combatant Command Campaign Plans (CCPs) include what
theater assessment, mission statement, posture plan, intermediate military objectives, country specific security cooperation, contingency plans, theater posture plan, theater distribution plan, subordinate campaign plan, support plan, planning order, execution order
Who are the Nation’s (USA) biggest strategic competitors
- China
- Russia
- Iran
- North Korea
Identify and Define the 2 types of warfare
- Traditional: nation-state against nation-state. Book says: characterized as a violent struggle for dominion between nation-states or coalitions and alliances of nation-states
- Irregular Warfare: nation-state against a non nation-state. Book says: characterized as a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations
What is the Competition Continuum
enduring competition conducted through a mixture of cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict
What does Cooperation mean in reference to the Competition Continuum
mutually beneficial relationships between strategic actors with similar or comparable interest (in ARSOF this is FID and SFA)
What does Competition below armed conflict mean in reference to the Competition Continuum
exists when 2 or more strategic actors view one another as competitors that have incompatible interest-influence and coercion are central. (ARSOF in the current era-think proxy wars like Syria)
What does Armed Conflict mean in reference to the Competition Continuum
involves the use of force as the primary means by which a strategic actor seeks to satisfy its interests or react to provocation (modern example is large scale conventional invasion of Iraq)
Identify and Describe the Instruments of National Power
DIME
Diplomatic- how a nation interacts with others
Information-creating, exploiting and disrupting knowledge
Military-use of force by one party in an attempt to impose its will on another, apply force to further the strategic ends
Economic-furthering prosperity
What does the acronym JIIM stand for
- Joint (2 or more Military Departments IE JSOTF)
- Interagency (2 or more agencies/departments)
- Intergovernmental Organizations (formal agreement between 2 or more governments)
- Multinational Organizations (collective term meaning forces of 2 or more nations align, such as a coalition)
Define the Range of Military Operations
The ability of the US to advance its national interests is dependent on the effectiveness of the United States
Government (USG) in employing the instruments of national power to achieve national strategic objectives (what the GCC have to influence objectives)
What are the 3 different Range of Military Operations
- Major Operations and Campaigns
- Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations
- Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence
Further explain Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence and which SF Task is most prevalent (Part of ROMO)
SFA and FID
These ongoing activities establish, shape, maintain, and refine relations with other nations. Many of these activities occur across the conflict continuum, and will usually continue in areas outside the operational areas associated with ongoing limited contingency operations, major operations, and campaigns.
Further explain Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations and which SF Task is most prevalent (Part of ROMO)
CP-WMD, CT, COIN
can be a single small-scale, limited-duration operation or a significant part of a major operation of extended duration involving combat
Further explain Major Operations and Campaigns and which SF Task is most prevalent (Part of ROMO)
DA and SR
Named Campaigns;
When required to achieve national strategic objectives or protect national interests, the US national leadership may decide to conduct a major operation or campaign involving large-scale combat
What is Unified Action
synchronized, coordinates, integrates, joint, single service, multination operations with the operations of other US government departments and agencies
What are the 4 Pillars of ARSOF Capability
- Indigenous Approach
- Precision Targeting Operations
- Understanding and Wielding Influence
- Crisis Response
Indigenous Approach is a pillar of the ARSOF Capability, explain what this means
to address challenges to regional stability with and through populations and partner forces empowered by persistent ARSOF engagement
Precision Targeting Operations is a pillar of the ARSOF Capability, explain what this means
involve direct action and counter-network activities enabled by SOF unique intelligence, targeting processes, and technology, such as ARSOF rotary wing capabilities and armed unmanned aerial systems
Understanding and Wielding Influence is a pillar of the ARSOF Capability, explain what this means
The SOF network of personnel, assets, and international partnerships represents the means to obtain early understanding of emerging local, regional, and transregional threats and where opportunities exist for advancing U.S. objectives. The SOF network provides capabilities needed to influence outcomes in all campaign phases and especially in conflict short of overt war
Crisis Response is a pillar of the ARSOF Capability, explain what this means
provided through CONUS and OCONUS stationed alert forces and persistently deployed and dispersed units, provides national decision makers with agile, tailorable, and rapidly employable special operations formations necessary to respond to emergencies
What is the difference between Covert and Clandestine
Covert the act is known but the actor is unknown
Clandestine the act and the actor are both unknown
What is the definition of Foreign Internal Defense (FID)
Participation by civilian agencies and military forces of a government or international organizations in any of the programs and activities undertaken by a host nation government to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security
How may categories of Foreign Internal Defense (FID) are there; what are they
- Indirect Support (security assistance, exchange programs, small footprint)
- Direct Support (think JCETS)
- US Combat Ops (POTUS decision to use US forces temporarily until HN forces are capable of combat ops)
What is the difference between Foreign Internal Defense (FID) and Security Force Assistance (SFA)
Foreign Internal Defense focuses more on the INTERNAL security against threats (SR and DA) while the Security Force Assistance focuses on primarily exterior threats using OTERA (CT, COIN)
What does OTERA stand for when talking about Security Force Assistance
Organize Train Equip Rebuild/Build Advise
What does COIN stand for and what does it mean
Counterinsurgency
The efforts taken to defeat an insurgency (book def: Comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to defeat an insurgency and to address any core grievances.
Explain what Security Force Assistance (SFA) is
Activities that support the development capacity and capability of the supporting institution (host nation); think OTERA
What makes Special Reconnaissance (SR) different than employing conventional military capabilities
Difference in Capability and support packages, time, and sensitivity. Does not always mean visual recon (book says reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in a hostile, denied, or diplomatically and/or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces)
Describe Direct Action (DA)
a short duration strike; small scale offensive operations conducted as a special operation in hostile/denied area
What is a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD)
A Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear (CBRN) weapon capable of a high order of destruction or causing mass casualties
What does the word Counterproliferation mean (CP-WMD)
Those actions taken to reduce the risks posed by extant weapons of mass destruction to the United States, allies, and partners
Describe Preparation of the Environment mean (PE)
an UMBRELLA term for developing an environment for potential special operations
(OPE, Advance Force Operations, Intelligence Operations)
What is an AUMF and how many times has it been used
Authorization for Use of Military Force; used 3 times.
- 2001
- 2002
- 2016
What are the 4 Army Commands that make up the Generating Force
- US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)
- US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
- Army Materiel Command (AMC)
- Army Futures Command (AFC)
Name some Direct Reporting Units (DRU)
US Army Medical Command (MEDCOM)
US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM)
US Army Human Resources Command (HRC)
Define Unconventional Warfare (thinking ahead)
activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area
What does IDAD stand for and mean
Internal Defense and Development; part of FID; encompasses the full range of measures taken by a nation to promote its growth and protect itself from subversion, sabotage, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, violent extremism, and other threats to its security
List several examples of United States Codes already accounted for in the annual budget (these are called Statutory Codes)
§127. Emergency and extraordinary expenses
§127e. Support of Special Operations to combat terrorism
§322. Special Operations Forces: Training with friendly foreign forces (Joint Combined Exchange Training)
Describe the following Instrument of National Power: Military
use of force by one party in an attempt to impose its will on another, apply force to further the strategic ends
