MOD 1 UNIT 2: THE CELL (PART 1) Flashcards
Forms ribosomes
nucleolus
Separates the cell from its environment
plasma membrane
Acts as the cell’s digestive system
lysosome
Acts as protein factory
ribosome
Contains organelles
cytoplasm
Contains DNA
nucleus
Act as power plants of the cell
mitochondria
Classified both smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum
Smallest cell fibers for support
microfilaments
Thickest of cell fibers with tiny, hollow tubes for support
microtubules
basic structural and functional unit of the body
cell
TRUE OR FALSE
All living organism does not contain a multitude of cell types, whose main function are to
maintain a proper homeostasis in the body, which is maintaining the internal environment
of the body in a relatively constant state.
FALSE
“contain a multitude of cell types”
largest organelle of the cell and contains the genetic material encoded in the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of chromosomes.
NUCLEUS
TRUE OR FALSE
The nucleus directs protein synthesis in the cytoplasm via ribosomal ribonucleic acid
(rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). All forms of RNA are synthesized
in the nucleus.
TRUE
a double membrane structure consisting of a perinuclear cistern between the
inner and the outer nuclear membranes, this protects the genetic
material and separates it from the diverse molecules and structures of the cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
TRUE OR FALSE
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
TRUE
This membrane is about 6 nanometers (nm) thick and it faces the cytoplasm
Outer nuclear membrane
A loosely arranged mesh of intermediate filaments surrounds the outer nuclear
membrane on its cytoplasmic aspect
vimentin
stud the cytoplasmic surface of the outer nuclear membrane, they synthesize proteins that enter the perinuclear cisterna.
ribosome
Is about 6 nm thick, it faces the nuclear material but is separated from it and is supported on its inner surface by the nuclear lamina, fibrous lamina that is 80 to 300 nm thick and composed primarily of lamins A, B, and C.
Inner nuclear membrane
TRUE OR FALSE
Phosphorylation of lamins leads to disassembly, and dephosphorylation results in
reassembly of the nuclear envelope.
TRUE
It is located between the inner and outer nuclear membranes and is 20 to 40 nm wide, this is also perforated by nuclear pores at various locations
perinuclear cisterna
average 80 nm in diameter and number from dozens to thousands depending upon metabolic activity of the cell, they are formed by fusion of the inner and outer nuclear membranes.
nuclear pores
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
nuclear pores do not permit passage of certain molecules in either direction between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via a 9-nm channel opening
NPCs are aided in communicating with each other by the nuclear lamina
“B”
first statement, “nuclear pores permit passage”
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
The NPC is composed of nearly 100 proteins, some of which are arranged in
eightfold symmetry around the margin of the pore.
The nucleoplasmic side of the pore exhibits a nuclear basket, whereas the cytoplasmic side displays fibers extending into the
cytoplasm.
“C”
is believed to be responsible for transporting proteins into and out of the nucleus via?
receptor-mediated transport
is located around the cytoplasmic margin of the nuclear pore and is composed of eight subunits, each possessing a cytoplasmic filament composed of a Ran-binding protein (GTP-binding protein) extending into the cytoplasm.
cytoplasmic ring
is located around the nucleoplasmic margin of the nuclear pore and is composed of eight subunits
nucleoplasmic ring
Attached to the distal end of the nuclear basket is the ________?
distal ring
TRUE OR FALSE
Distal ring is the outermost ring assists in the export of RNA into the cytoplasm.
FALSE
“innermost”
is interposed between the cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic rings
luminal ring
TRUE OR FALSE
A structure described by some as the hourglass-shaped transporter or central plug in the
center of the luminal ring is believed to be cargo being transported through the NPC rather
than a structural component of the NPC.
TRUE
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
The NPC permits passive movement across the nuclear envelope via a 9- to 11-
nm open channel for simple diffusion. Most proteins, only large of size, pass in either
direction only by receptor-mediated transport.
These proteins have clusters of certain
amino acids known as nuclear localization segments (NLS) that act as signals for transport.
“B”
first statement, “regardless of size”
Transport mechanisms involve a group of proteins, the function of these proteins is regulated by Ran, a group of guanosine triphosphate–binding proteins.
exportins and importins
facilitates the shuttling of cargo in
both directions
nucleoporins
Transport signals of nucleoporins
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling (NS)
signals.
These gaps in the nuclear envelope are bridged by a pore complex of numerous
proteins, their structure controls the traffic of molecules and particles between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm.
nuclear pore
This tightly coiled chromatic in a more extended form, accessible to transcription,
and it appears as basophilic clumps in specimens prepared for light microscopy.
Heterochromatin
This is chromatin in a more extended form, accessible to transcription. In the light
microscope, it appears as less densely stained, basophilic regions of the nucleus.
Euchromatin
One or more of these spherical, basophilic structures develop in the nucleus if the
cells are generating ribosomes.
Nucleolus
is a nuclear inclusion that is not surrounded by a membrane
nucleolus
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
nucleus is observed in interphase cells that are actively synthesizing proteins;
only one nucleolus can be present in the nucleus.
“D”
first statement, “nucleolus”
second statement, “more than one”
portions of the
chromosomes (in humans, chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22) where rRNA genes are
located
nucleolar organizer regions (NORs)
are composed of inactive DNA, where DNA is not being transcribed; NORs are also located here.
Fibrillar centers
is composed of 5-nm fibrils surrounding the fibrillar centers and contains transcriptionally active DNA and the rRNA precursors that are being transcribed.
pars fibrosa
is composed of 15-nm maturing ribosomal precursor particles.
pars granulosa
is a fiber network participating in the organization of the nucleolus.
Nucleolar matrix
is involved in the synthesis of rRNA and its assembly into ribosome precursors, also sequesters certain nucleolar proteins that function as cell cycle checkpoint signaling proteins.
nucleolus
is the protoplasm within the nuclear envelope, it consists of a matrix and various types of particles.
nucleoplasm
acts as a scaffold that aids in organizing the nucleoplasm.
nuclear matrix
are involved in the transcription and processing of mRNA and rRNA, steroid receptor-binding sites, carcinogen-binding sites, heat shock proteins, DNA viruses, viral proteins (T antigen)
nucleoplasm
is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope.
nucleoplasmic reticulum
TRUE OR FALSE
nucleoplasmic reticulum contains nuclear calcium functioning within the
nucleus and possesses receptors for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, regulating calcium signals
within compartments of the nucleus related to gene transcription, protein transport, and
perhaps other functions.
TRUE
are clusters of irregularly distributed particles (20–25 nm in diameter) that contain RNP and various enzymes.
Interchromatin granules
are single dense granules (30–50 nm in diameter) surrounded by a less-dense halo.
Perichromatin granules
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
perichromatin may represent messenger RNPs (mRNPs).
The number of granules increases in liver cells exposed to carcinogens or
temperatures above 37°C.
“C”
are complexes of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) and proteins and are involved in processing of pre-mRNA.
hnRNP particles
are complexes of proteins and small RNAs and are involved in hnRNP splicing or in cleavage reactions.
Small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs)
consists of double-stranded DNA complexed with histones and acidic proteins.
Chromatin
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
chromatin does not resides within the nucleus as heterochromatin and euchromatin.
The euchromatin/heterochromatin ratio is higher in malignant cells than in normal cells.
“B”
first statement, “chromatin resides”
condensed inactive chromatin, is concentrated at the periphery of the nucleus and around the nucleolus and scattered throughout the nucleoplasm.
Heterochromatin
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
Although heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive, recent evidence indicates
that it plays a role in interchromosomal interactions and chromosomal segregation during meiosis.
Euchromatin corresponds to one of two X chromosomes and is therefore
present in nearly all somatic cells of female mammals.
“A”
second statement, “Heterochromatin corresponds”
During interphase, the inactive X
chromosome is visible as a dark-staining body within the nucleus. This structure is called the
Barr body or sex chromatin
is the transcriptionally active form of chromatin that appears in the LM as a lightly stained region of the nucleus.
Euchromatin
TRUE OR FALSE
Euchromatin appears in transmission electron microscope (TEM) as electron-lucent regions among heterochromatin and is composed of 30-nm strings of nucleosomes and the DNA double helix.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Chromatin is responsible for RNA synthesis.
TRUE
A- FIRST TRUE
B- SECOND TRUE
C- BOTH TRUE
D- BOTH FALSE
Chromosomes consist of chromatin extensively folded into loops; this
conformation is maintained by DNA-binding proteins.
Each chromosome contains a single
DNA molecule and associated proteins
“C”
structural unit of chromatin packaging
nucleosomes