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CELLMOL > MOD 1: A Preview of Cell Biology > Flashcards

MOD 1: A Preview of Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

This is the basic unit of biology

A

Cell

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells are constantly changing

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What is the purpose of nerve cells?

A

Transmission of signals

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4
Q

What is the purpose of hemoglobin proteins?

A

Delivery of oxygen in the blood

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5
Q

What is the purpose of spike proteins?

A

Attachment to cell receptors, acting as a “welcome committee” into human cells

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6
Q

These have helped scientists understand cellular structures.

A

Microscopy and imaging techniques

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7
Q

This scientist had a magnification power of 30x

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

This scientist built a microscope and examined thin slices of cork

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hooke’s observations were really cells, which is why he named them from the Latin word, cellula, meaning “little room.”

A

FALSE: His observations were “cells” formed by the cell walls of dead plant tissue, which is what cork is.

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10
Q

This scientist produced small lenses that could magnify objects to almost 300x their size

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

This scientist became first to observe living cells

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

What did Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek observed that included blood cells, sperm cells, bacteria, and single-celled organisms?

A

Animalcules

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13
Q

What are the two factors that restricted the further understanding of the nature of cells?

A
  1. Resolution (Resolving Power)
  2. Descriptive Nature
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14
Q

Briefly explain the limitation in resolution.

A

This refers to the limited ability of microscopes to see fine details of the structure

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15
Q

Briefly explain the limitation regarding the descriptive nature of scientists.

A

This refers to the “Age of Observation”, in which little emphasis was given to the explanation of observed structural details

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16
Q

These are essential tools in biology

A

Microscopes

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17
Q

This type of microscope improved in lens quality.

A

Compound Microscope

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18
Q

This is an instrument in which one lens (the eyepiece) magnifies the image created by a second lens (the objective)

A

Compound Microscope

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19
Q

What are the two lenses in a compound microscope?

A
  1. Eyepiece
  2. Objective
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20
Q

What is the purpose of the eyepiece in a compound microscope?

A

It magnifies the image

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the objective in a compound microscope?

A

It is the second lens that creates the image

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Compound microscopes have lower magnification, leading to better resolution.

A

FALSE: Higher magnification and better resolution

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23
Q

Structures of what size could be seen in compound microscopes?

A

1 micrometer

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24
Q

This scientist was the one who found that every plant cell contained a rounded structure, which he called a nucleus.

A

Robert Brown

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25
This scientist discovered that all plant tissues are composed of cells.
Matthias Schleidan
26
This scientist discovered that all animal tissues are composed of cells.
Theodor Schwann
27
This is the basis for our own understanding of the importance of cells and biology.
Theory of Cellular Organization
28
The Cell Theory was proposed by two scientists. Who were they?
Theodore Schwann and Rudolf Virchow
29
Enumerate the Cell Theory
1. All organisms consist of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit structure of all organisms 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells (omnis cellula e cellula)
30
“All cells arise from preexisting cells.” falsifies what theory?
The Spontaneous Generation Theory
31
TRUE OR FALSE: Cells are complex, therefore their shape and structure cannot give clues about its function.
FALSE: A cell’s shape and structure gives clues about its function.
32
What are the three branches of modern cell biology?
1. Cytology 2. Biochemistry 3. Genetics
33
This is the most important technique within the cytological strand.
Microscopy
34
What are the two major forms of microscopy?
1. Light microscopy 2. Electron microscopy
35
This tool is used in the identification of organelles.
Light Microscope
36
This tool is used for the preparation of very thin sample slices.
Microtome
37
This tool is used for staining cells by attaching to different cell structures.
Fluorescent Dyes
38
This dye stains the nucleus blue
DAPI
39
These are stained green and its purposes are for structure rigidity and movement.
Actin Filaments
40
These are stained red and is important for structural rigidity.
Tubulin
41
This branch deals primarily with the cellular structures through the use of optical techniques.
Cytology
42
This is a basic type of light microscopy in which white light is passed directly through a specimen.
Brightfield Microscopy
43
What is the limitation of Brightfield Microscopy?
Specimen is no longer alive and distorted, as it must be fixed and stained.
44
This type of microscope can examine living cells so clearly. Uses the refractive index
Phase-contrast and Differential Interference Contrast
45
This type of microscopy makes use of fluorescent dyes/labels to identify substance locations in a cell.
Fluorescence Microscopy
46
What is the limit of fluorescence microscopy?
Limited focus and blurred images
47
This microscope uses laser beams to illuminate one specimen plane at a time
Confocal Microscopy
48
This refers to how far apart adjacent objects must be to appear as separate entities.
Limit of Resolution
49
This refers to the ability to see fine details.
Resolving Power
50
The smaller the limit of resolution, the greater the __________.
Resolving power
51
This makes use of fluorescent tags, specifically targeting a specific/functional group of a cell.
Immunofluorescence
52
What do electron microscopes use instead of light and optical lenses?
Beam of electrons
53
What is the difference between Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?
TEM: Electrons are transmitted through the specimen SEM: Specimen’s surface is scanned
54
This branch deals with the chemistry of biological structures and functions.
Biochemistry
55
This scientist showed that a compound made in a living organism could be synthesized in the lab
Friedrich Wohler
56
This scientist initially proposed that living organisms have their own laws of chemistry and physics.
Friedrich Wohler
57
This scientist showed that living cells were responsible for fermentation.
Louis Pasteur
58
These scientists discovered enzymes
Edward and Hans Buchner
59
This scientist described the Krebs cycle for energy production
Hans Adolf Krebs
60
This method uses centrifugation to separate and isolate sub-cellular structures according to size, shape, and density.
Sub-cellular Fractionation
61
This is useful for resolving small organelles and macromolecules.
Ultracentrifuge
62
This technique is used to separate a mixture of molecules into individual components based on size, charge, or affinity.
Chromatography
63
This technique uses an electrical field to separate macromolecules based on their mobility through a semisolid gel, depending on size and charge.
Electrophoresis
64
This technique is performed to determine size and compare individual proteins, making uses of peaks’ magnitude.
Mass Spectrometry
65
This branch discusses the study of inheritance of characteristics from generation to generation.
Genetics
66
This scientist studied pea plants and laid out the three principles of heredity.
Gregor Mendel
67
Enumerate the Three Principles of Heredity
1. Law of Dominance 2. Law of Segregation 3. Law of Independent Assortment
68
This scientist saw thread-like bodies in the nucleus and called them chromosomes. He also named the process of cell division, mitosis.
Walther Flemming
69
These scientists claimed that “chromosomes themselves might be the actual bearers of genetic information”
Wilhelm Roux & August Weisman
70
This scientist was the first to isolate DNA, in which he referred to as “nuclein”
Johann Friedrich Mieschner
71
This scientist was the first to isolate DNA, in which he referred to as “nuclein”
Johann Friedrich Mieschner
72
This is an important component of chromosomes and are known to be composed of 4 nucleotides.
DNA
73
This is more diverse, containing 20 amino acids.
Proteins
74
Who discovered the helical structure through the fuzzy x photograph, and what was their conclusion?
Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklin; Concluded that a DNA is a helix
75
Beadle and Tatum formulated what concept?
One gene - one enzyme concept — each gene is responsible for the production of a single protein.
76
Who proposed the double helix model?
Watson & Crick & Rosalind Franklin
77
The DNA is wrapped around proteins, called __________, forming subunits, called __________.
Histones; Nucleosomes
78
What is the backbone of DNA?
Sugar-phosphate
79
2 DNA strands are connected by __________
Hydrogen Bonds
80
Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?
Relatively reversible and weak, which make DNA replication and cell division easy.
81
What are the 2 purines?
Guanine and Adenine
82
What are the 2 pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine
83
What is the final output of the central dogma?
DNA —> RNA —> Proteins Final Output: Proteins
84
This occurs in the nucleus, and the synthesis of specific mRNA molecules are directed by nuclear DNA.
Transcription
85
After mRNAs exit through _________, they bind to __________.
Nuclear pores; cytoplasmic ribosomes
86
This occurs in the cytoplasm, and a ribosome synthesizes the specific protein encoded by the mRNA.
Translation
87
These are enzymes that could cleave DNA molecules to create recombinant DNA molecules.
Restriction enzymes
88
This project was able to sequence the entire human genome.
The Human Genome Project
89
The Human Genome Project Revealed how many bases in the human genome?
3.2 billion
90
This refers to the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA
DNA sequence
91
This refers to the rapid determination of base sequences of DNA molecules.
DNA sequencing
92
This combines computer science and biology to make sense of sequence data.
Bioinformatics
93
This refers to the study of all genes of an organism.
Genomics
94
This refers to the understanding of functions and interactions of all proteins present in a particular cell.
Proteomics
95
What does CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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