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CELLMOL > MOD 1: A Preview of Cell Biology > Flashcards

MOD 1: A Preview of Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

This is the basic unit of biology

A

Cell

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells are constantly changing

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What is the purpose of nerve cells?

A

Transmission of signals

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4
Q

What is the purpose of hemoglobin proteins?

A

Delivery of oxygen in the blood

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5
Q

What is the purpose of spike proteins?

A

Attachment to cell receptors, acting as a “welcome committee” into human cells

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6
Q

These have helped scientists understand cellular structures.

A

Microscopy and imaging techniques

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7
Q

This scientist had a magnification power of 30x

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

This scientist built a microscope and examined thin slices of cork

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hooke’s observations were really cells, which is why he named them from the Latin word, cellula, meaning “little room.”

A

FALSE: His observations were “cells” formed by the cell walls of dead plant tissue, which is what cork is.

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10
Q

This scientist produced small lenses that could magnify objects to almost 300x their size

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

This scientist became first to observe living cells

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

What did Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek observed that included blood cells, sperm cells, bacteria, and single-celled organisms?

A

Animalcules

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13
Q

What are the two factors that restricted the further understanding of the nature of cells?

A
  1. Resolution (Resolving Power)
  2. Descriptive Nature
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14
Q

Briefly explain the limitation in resolution.

A

This refers to the limited ability of microscopes to see fine details of the structure

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15
Q

Briefly explain the limitation regarding the descriptive nature of scientists.

A

This refers to the “Age of Observation”, in which little emphasis was given to the explanation of observed structural details

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16
Q

These are essential tools in biology

A

Microscopes

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17
Q

This type of microscope improved in lens quality.

A

Compound Microscope

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18
Q

This is an instrument in which one lens (the eyepiece) magnifies the image created by a second lens (the objective)

A

Compound Microscope

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19
Q

What are the two lenses in a compound microscope?

A
  1. Eyepiece
  2. Objective
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20
Q

What is the purpose of the eyepiece in a compound microscope?

A

It magnifies the image

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the objective in a compound microscope?

A

It is the second lens that creates the image

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Compound microscopes have lower magnification, leading to better resolution.

A

FALSE: Higher magnification and better resolution

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23
Q

Structures of what size could be seen in compound microscopes?

A

1 micrometer

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24
Q

This scientist was the one who found that every plant cell contained a rounded structure, which he called a nucleus.

A

Robert Brown

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25
Q

This scientist discovered that all plant tissues are composed of cells.

A

Matthias Schleidan

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26
Q

This scientist discovered that all animal tissues are composed of cells.

A

Theodor Schwann

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27
Q

This is the basis for our own understanding of the importance of cells and biology.

A

Theory of Cellular Organization

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28
Q

The Cell Theory was proposed by two scientists. Who were they?

A

Theodore Schwann and Rudolf Virchow

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29
Q

Enumerate the Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit structure of all organisms
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells (omnis cellula e cellula)
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30
Q

“All cells arise from preexisting cells.” falsifies what theory?

A

The Spontaneous Generation Theory

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells are complex, therefore their shape and structure cannot give clues about its function.

A

FALSE: A cell’s shape and structure gives clues about its function.

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32
Q

What are the three branches of modern cell biology?

A
  1. Cytology
  2. Biochemistry
  3. Genetics
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33
Q

This is the most important technique within the cytological strand.

A

Microscopy

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34
Q

What are the two major forms of microscopy?

A
  1. Light microscopy
  2. Electron microscopy
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35
Q

This tool is used in the identification of organelles.

A

Light Microscope

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36
Q

This tool is used for the preparation of very thin sample slices.

A

Microtome

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37
Q

This tool is used for staining cells by attaching to different cell structures.

A

Fluorescent Dyes

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38
Q

This dye stains the nucleus blue

A

DAPI

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39
Q

These are stained green and its purposes are for structure rigidity and movement.

A

Actin Filaments

40
Q

These are stained red and is important for structural rigidity.

A

Tubulin

41
Q

This branch deals primarily with the cellular structures through the use of optical techniques.

A

Cytology

42
Q

This is a basic type of light microscopy in which white light is passed directly through a specimen.

A

Brightfield Microscopy

43
Q

What is the limitation of Brightfield Microscopy?

A

Specimen is no longer alive and distorted, as it must be fixed and stained.

44
Q

This type of microscope can examine living cells so clearly. Uses the refractive index

A

Phase-contrast and Differential Interference Contrast

45
Q

This type of microscopy makes use of fluorescent dyes/labels to identify substance locations in a cell.

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

46
Q

What is the limit of fluorescence microscopy?

A

Limited focus and blurred images

47
Q

This microscope uses laser beams to illuminate one specimen plane at a time

A

Confocal Microscopy

48
Q

This refers to how far apart adjacent objects must be to appear as separate entities.

A

Limit of Resolution

49
Q

This refers to the ability to see fine details.

A

Resolving Power

50
Q

The smaller the limit of resolution, the greater the __________.

A

Resolving power

51
Q

This makes use of fluorescent tags, specifically targeting a specific/functional group of a cell.

A

Immunofluorescence

52
Q

What do electron microscopes use instead of light and optical lenses?

A

Beam of electrons

53
Q

What is the difference between Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

TEM: Electrons are transmitted through the specimen
SEM: Specimen’s surface is scanned

54
Q

This branch deals with the chemistry of biological structures and functions.

A

Biochemistry

55
Q

This scientist showed that a compound made in a living organism could be synthesized in the lab

A

Friedrich Wohler

56
Q

This scientist initially proposed that living organisms have their own laws of chemistry and physics.

A

Friedrich Wohler

57
Q

This scientist showed that living cells were responsible for fermentation.

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

These scientists discovered enzymes

A

Edward and Hans Buchner

59
Q

This scientist described the Krebs cycle for energy production

A

Hans Adolf Krebs

60
Q

This method uses centrifugation to separate and isolate sub-cellular structures according to size, shape, and density.

A

Sub-cellular Fractionation

61
Q

This is useful for resolving small organelles and macromolecules.

A

Ultracentrifuge

62
Q

This technique is used to separate a mixture of molecules into individual components based on size, charge, or affinity.

A

Chromatography

63
Q

This technique uses an electrical field to separate macromolecules based on their mobility through a semisolid gel, depending on size and charge.

A

Electrophoresis

64
Q

This technique is performed to determine size and compare individual proteins, making uses of peaks’ magnitude.

A

Mass Spectrometry

65
Q

This branch discusses the study of inheritance of characteristics from generation to generation.

A

Genetics

66
Q

This scientist studied pea plants and laid out the three principles of heredity.

A

Gregor Mendel

67
Q

Enumerate the Three Principles of Heredity

A
  1. Law of Dominance
  2. Law of Segregation
  3. Law of Independent Assortment
68
Q

This scientist saw thread-like bodies in the nucleus and called them chromosomes. He also named the process of cell division, mitosis.

A

Walther Flemming

69
Q

These scientists claimed that “chromosomes themselves might be the actual bearers of genetic information”

A

Wilhelm Roux & August Weisman

70
Q

This scientist was the first to isolate DNA, in which he referred to as “nuclein”

A

Johann Friedrich Mieschner

71
Q

This scientist was the first to isolate DNA, in which he referred to as “nuclein”

A

Johann Friedrich Mieschner

72
Q

This is an important component of chromosomes and are known to be composed of 4 nucleotides.

A

DNA

73
Q

This is more diverse, containing 20 amino acids.

A

Proteins

74
Q

Who discovered the helical structure through the fuzzy x photograph, and what was their conclusion?

A

Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklin; Concluded that a DNA is a helix

75
Q

Beadle and Tatum formulated what concept?

A

One gene - one enzyme concept — each gene is responsible for the production of a single protein.

76
Q

Who proposed the double helix model?

A

Watson & Crick & Rosalind Franklin

77
Q

The DNA is wrapped around proteins, called __________, forming subunits, called __________.

A

Histones; Nucleosomes

78
Q

What is the backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar-phosphate

79
Q

2 DNA strands are connected by __________

A

Hydrogen Bonds

80
Q

Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?

A

Relatively reversible and weak, which make DNA replication and cell division easy.

81
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

Guanine and Adenine

82
Q

What are the 2 pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

83
Q

What is the final output of the central dogma?

A

DNA —> RNA —> Proteins

Final Output: Proteins

84
Q

This occurs in the nucleus, and the synthesis of specific mRNA molecules are directed by nuclear DNA.

A

Transcription

85
Q

After mRNAs exit through _________, they bind to __________.

A

Nuclear pores; cytoplasmic ribosomes

86
Q

This occurs in the cytoplasm, and a ribosome synthesizes the specific protein encoded by the mRNA.

A

Translation

87
Q

These are enzymes that could cleave DNA molecules to create recombinant DNA molecules.

A

Restriction enzymes

88
Q

This project was able to sequence the entire human genome.

A

The Human Genome Project

89
Q

The Human Genome Project Revealed how many bases in the human genome?

A

3.2 billion

90
Q

This refers to the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA

A

DNA sequence

91
Q

This refers to the rapid determination of base sequences of DNA molecules.

A

DNA sequencing

92
Q

This combines computer science and biology to make sense of sequence data.

A

Bioinformatics

93
Q

This refers to the study of all genes of an organism.

A

Genomics

94
Q

This refers to the understanding of functions and interactions of all proteins present in a particular cell.

A

Proteomics

95
Q

What does CRISPR stand for?

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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