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A&P 2 > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Studies the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Studies how the body parts function

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3
Q

What is Efferent?

A

Motor portion of the body

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4
Q

What is the Afferent?

A

Sensory portion of the body

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5
Q

What is the 2 divisions of the Efferent system?

A

Somatic system and autonomic system

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6
Q

How does the nervous system integrate and control body systems?

A

The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to the muscles and glands that then elicit an appropriate response.

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

The CNS and PNS

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8
Q

What is the collection of cell bodies inside the central nervous system?

A

Nuclei

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9
Q

What is the collection of nerve axons in the CNS?

A

Tracts

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10
Q

What does the PNS contain?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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11
Q

What is the collection of cell bodies inside the PNS?

A

Ganglia

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12
Q

What is collections of nerve axons in the PNS?

A

Nerves

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13
Q

What is the 2 divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent and Efferent

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14
Q

How does a nerve impulse move in the PNS?

A

The PNS receives impulses from sensory organs by the afferent division. Then sends signals/impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands by the efferent division.

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15
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the PNS?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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17
Q

What controls the movements of skeletal muscles, skin and joints?

A

Somatic system

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18
Q

What controls the glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs?

A

The autonomic system

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19
Q

What prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress and emergencies?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

What aids in digestion, conserves energy and operates in everyday life?

A

the Parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

What are unusual characteristics of a neuron?

A
  1. Do not undergo mitosis
  2. Can last an entire human lifetime
  3. able to survive minutes without oxygen.
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22
Q

What has dendrites, cell body, and an axon?

A

neuron

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23
Q

What does a neuron do?

A

synthesizes all nerve products.

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24
Q

Structure of a neuron?

A

Has a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm that contains the normal organelles, except centrioles.
Also dendrite, cell body, axon

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25
Q

Short extensions that emanate from cell body, can be multiple?

A

dendrite

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26
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

receives information from other neurons and sends those impulses to the cell body.

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27
Q

Function of an axon?

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to the axon terminals. Then is sent across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron.

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28
Q

Composed of cells like the cell body, but do not have a rough ER?

A

An Axon

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29
Q

Cell body manufactures this?

A

neurotransmitters

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30
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals

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31
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Once released they carry the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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32
Q

A post-synaptic neuron is?

A

found after the synapse

33
Q

A pre-synaptic neuron is?

A

Found before the synapse

34
Q

The space between two neurons?

A

A synapse

35
Q

Neurons that have 3 or more extensions from the cell body?

A

Multipolar

36
Q

Neurons that have 2 extensions from the cell body?

A

Bipolar

37
Q

Neurons that have one extension off the cell body, but can spilt into branches?

A

Unipolar (psudounipolar)

38
Q

Neurons that are unipolar and carry information from the PNS to the CNS?

A

Sensory

39
Q

Interneurons are also called?

A

association neurons

40
Q

5 Components of the reflex arc?

A

Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron and the effector

41
Q

Stretch reflex utilizes what type of specialized receptor to detect over stretch

A

Muscle spindles

42
Q

The purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

protect the muscle against increases in length that can tear or damage muscle fibers

43
Q

Why is the spinal reflex faster?

A

They involve fewer neurons and because the electrical signal only travels to the spinal cord and back, instead of the brain and back.

44
Q

Contains both sensor and motor neurons from the ventral and dorsal root is?

A

Where the ventral root transitions into a spinal nerve

45
Q

Ventral root is where?

A

the motor neurons leave the spinal nerve

46
Q

Motor neuron bodies are in the ______ of the spinal cord?

A

anterior horn

47
Q

Sensory neurons synapse on the cells in the _____ of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior horn

48
Q

What does the DRG contain?

A

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons

49
Q

What is the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Contains the cell bodies of neurons

50
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

contains the axons of the neurons

51
Q

The dorsal root is where?

A

Sensory information travels into the spinal cord

52
Q

What does reflex mean?

A

Instantaneous, automatic, involuntary responses from stimuli occurring inside or outside of the body.

53
Q

Touching a hot object and immediately withdrawing your hand is a _____ reflex?

A

External

54
Q

Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is an example of a ____ reflex?

A

subconscious reflex

55
Q

What happens to make a muscle contract after ACh is released into the NMJ?

A

ACh binds to the receptors on the muscle fiber that open sodium channels. Sodium rushes in, triggering action potential which reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions are releases from the sarcoplasmic reticulum making the muscle contract

56
Q

Acetylcholine is found where?

A

neuromuscular junctions

57
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

A

Dopamine

58
Q

What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is it accomplished?

A

Short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevent continuous stimulation. synapse contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter

59
Q

How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another

A

A nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. Then they bind with a receptor on the next neuron opening the sodium gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.

60
Q

A neurotransmitter is?

A

the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission

61
Q

What does it mean when a signal is electrochemical?

A

Signal moves from electrical (through the neuron) to chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again when it reaches the next neuron.

62
Q

What causes the difference in sensitivity?

A

How many neurons are stimulated and the frequency that they are stimulated

63
Q

What happens during afterpolarization?

A

The potassium gates that opened during depolarization slowly close and there is after polarization undershoot of the potential

64
Q

What happens to the axon during repolarization?

A

The sodium gates close and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush to the axon. This returns a negative charge inside the axon reestablishing the negative potential

65
Q

What happens to an axon during depolarization?

A

The sodium gates open causing an influx of sodium. The inside becomes more positive Than the outside causing the membrane potential to be more positive.

66
Q

What are the steps of an action potential?

A

Resting potential, depolarization, depolarization and afterpolarization

67
Q

What is an axons resting potential?

A

-70mv

68
Q

What does resting potential mean?

A

Means there is a different charge on the inside than the outside resulting in -70mv.

69
Q

What maintains resting potential?

A

Sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to carry ions across a plasma membrane. 3 sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pumped in maintaining resting potential at -70mv

70
Q

An action potential is also called a?

A

nerve impulse

71
Q

What causes a nerve impulse?

A

movement of unequally distributed ions on either side of an axon’s plasma membrane.

72
Q

What are support cells for neurons?

A

neuroglial cells

73
Q

What does a neuroglial cell do?

A

helps support neurons and enables them to thrive in the environment

74
Q

Schwann cells and Satellite cells are?

A

Neuroglial cells of the PNS

75
Q

Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, and Microglial cells are?

A

Neuroglial cells of the CNS

76
Q

This cell circulates CSF and allows fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord and CSF?

A

Ependymal Cells

77
Q

This cell is the controls the chemical environment of neurons by being wrapped around blood capillaries forming the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

This cell protects the CNS?

A

Microglial

79
Q

This cells insulates the CNS axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

A&P 2 (1 decks)

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