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Module 2 > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The center part of the atom is the…?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

The nucleus contains the ___ and the ____.

A

proton and the neutron

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3
Q

Orbiting the nucleus in energy levels, or shells, is the…?

A

electron

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4
Q

The proton has a ____ electrical charge

A

positive

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5
Q

The neutron is ____ (has no charge).

A

neutral

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6
Q

The electron is a small particle orbiting in energy levels around the nucleus and has a _____ electrical charge.

A

negative

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7
Q

Since opposite charges (+ and –) cancel each other, the atom is electrically ____ or balanced.

A

neutral

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8
Q

If atoms are not neutral, they are ____.

A

ions

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9
Q

A positive ion, shown in Figure 1- 2B, has two protons in the nucleus, but only one electron in orbit. The one (1) negative charge does NOT cancel the two (2) positive charges, so the atom is not neutral. Since it has one more proton than electron, the atom has a ____ charge and is a ____ ion.

A

positive charge and is a positive ion

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10
Q

A negative ion, shown in Figure 1-2C, contains two protons and three electrons. It has a ____ charge.

A

negative

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11
Q

For an atom to become an ion, it must lose or gain electrons in its…?

A

outer shell

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12
Q

____ is the gain or loss of an electron.

A

Ionization

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13
Q

The inner shell has the ___ attraction to the nucleus and has the least amount of energy.

A

most

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14
Q

The outer shell has the least attraction to the nucleus and the ___ amount of energy.

A

most

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15
Q

___ ___ are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

A

Valence electrons

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16
Q

If a valence electron absorbs sufficient energy, it attempts to move to a higher shell, further from the nucleus. In the process of moving, it can escape the attraction of the nucleus, and becomes a ___ ___.

A

free electron

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17
Q

The ____ of atom determines amount of energy needed to free an electron.

A

type

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18
Q

Depending on their ability to conduct electricity, all elements of which matter is made may be placed into one of three categories:

A

conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.

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19
Q

Conductors are elements which conduct electricity very…?

A

readily

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20
Q

Insulators ____ the conduction of electricity.

A

oppose

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21
Q

All matter between conductors and insulators may be called…?

A

semiconductors

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22
Q

Conductors have many ___ ___ that move easily from atom to atom.

A

free electrons

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23
Q

The electrical conductivity of matter depends on the ___ ___ of the material from which it is made.

A

atomic structure

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24
Q

___ ___ is one method of removing electrons from their orbits.

A

Heat energy

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25
Q

When controlled by an electrical force, the electrons move generally in the same direction. The effect of this movement is felt almost instantly from one end of the conductor to the other. The electron movement is called ____ ____.

A

electric current

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26
Q

Some metals are better conductors than others. ____, ____, ____, and ____ have many free electrons which make them good conductors. Additionally, these materials have relatively low resistance which allows the electrons to move easily.

A

Silver, copper, gold and aluminum

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27
Q

Each type of conductive material has a different amount of
____ ____. Resistance will be explained in greater detail later in the studies, but for now consider that the higher the value of resistance, the greater the opposition to the movement of electrons.

A

relative resistance

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28
Q

Nonconductor materials have very few free electrons. These materials are called ____.

A

insulators

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29
Q

Some examples of insulators are:

A

Rubber, plastic, enamel, glass, dry wood, and mica.

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30
Q

Some materials are neither good conductors nor good insulators. Their electrical characteristics fall between those of conductors and insulators. These materials are classified as ____.

A

semiconductors

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31
Q

Germanium and silicon are two common _____ used in electronics.

A

semiconductors

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32
Q

______ is the force, or electrical energy, required to move electrons from one place to another.

A

voltage

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33
Q

Chemical action within a battery produces this energy.

A

voltage

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34
Q

The ___ ___ causes an excess of electrons on the negative terminal and a shortage of electrons on the positive terminal. The forces created by this different charge between the terminals produce the force necessary to move electrons through a conductor.

A

chemical action

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35
Q

Symbol for Voltage

A

E

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36
Q

Unit of Measurement for Voltage

A

Volt

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37
Q

Voltage Symbol for Unit of Measurement

A

V

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38
Q

In your career as an electronics technician, you may notice that __ and __ are interchangeable symbols for voltage.

A

V and E

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39
Q

Total voltage of a circuit uses the subscript (), for applied, and will be written as E.

A

a

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40
Q

The energy or force used to move electrons has several names. All these names mean essentially the same thing and you should be familiar with them. Those names are?

A

electromotive force (EMF), potential, difference of potential, or voltage

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41
Q

____ is the movement of free electrons through a conductor.

A

Current

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42
Q

The rate of movement for current is measured in _____.

A

amperes

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43
Q

The ____ is a measure of the amount of electric charge passing a point per unit time.

A

ampere

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44
Q

The ampere is a ___ ___. It represents the flow of 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons past a point in a conductor each second.

A

base unit

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45
Q

The unit of charge, known as the _____, is the quantity of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.

A

coulomb

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46
Q

Symbol for Current

A

I

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47
Q

Current’s Unit of Measurement

A

Ampere

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48
Q

Current’s Symbol for the Unit of Measurement

A

A

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49
Q

Total current of a circuit uses the subscript () for total and will be written as I.

A

t

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50
Q

_______ is the opposition a device or material offers to the movement of electrons.

A

Resistance

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51
Q

Symbol for Resistance

A

R

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52
Q

Resistance Unit of Measurement

A

Ohm

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53
Q

Resistance Symbol for the Unit of Measurement

A

Ω (Greek Letter Omega)

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54
Q

Total resistance also uses the subscript () and is written as R.

A

t

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55
Q

Conductance is an expression of the ease with which electric current flows through materials like ___ and ___.

A

metals and nonmetals

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56
Q

______ is the degree to which an object conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current which flows to the potential difference present.

A

Conductance

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57
Q

This is the reciprocal of the resistance and is measured in siemens or mhos.

A

Conductance

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58
Q

Symbol for Conductance

A

G

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59
Q

Conductance Unit of Measurement

A

siemens or mhos

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60
Q

Conductance Symbol for Unit of Measurement

A

℧

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61
Q

In electromagnetism and electronics, ____ is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it.

A

Inductance

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62
Q

The flow of electric current through a conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor, whose strength depends on the magnitude of the current. A change in current causes a change in the ___ ___.

A

magnetic field

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63
Q

Symbol for Inductance

A

L

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64
Q

Inductance Unit of Measurement

A

Henry

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65
Q

Inductance Symbol for Unit of Measurement

A

H or h

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66
Q

Inductance is defined as the physical property of a circuit that ____ changes to current flow.

A

opposes

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67
Q

It is also the ability of an inductor to store energy in the form of an electromagnetic field.

A

Inductance

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68
Q

An electronic component designed to add inductance to a circuit is called an _____.

A

inductor

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69
Q

It typically consists of a ____ or helix of wire.

A

coil

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70
Q

The unit of measurement for inductance is the ____.

A

Henry

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71
Q

____ is the ability of a dielectric to store an electric charge. It may loosely be defined as the property of a circuit that enables it to store electric energy by means of an electrostatic field and to release this energy later.

A

Capacitance

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72
Q

It is also the ability of a capacitor to store energy in an electrostatic
field in the form of ____.

A

voltage

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73
Q

It typically consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material known as a _____.

A

dielectric

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74
Q

The unit of measurement for capacitance is the ____.

A

Farad (F)

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75
Q

Symbol for Capacitance

A

C

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76
Q

Capacitance Unit of Measurement

A

Farad

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77
Q

Capacitance Symbol for the Unit of Measurement

A

F

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78
Q

____ is the rate of doing work.

A

Power

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79
Q

Work results from force acting on mass over a ____.

A

distance

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80
Q

The operation of electrical circuits involves force (____) acting on mass (____) over a distance.

A

voltage
electrons

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81
Q

Energy is the ___ ___ ___ ___, so in electrical circuits, energy is transformed into heat energy.

A

capacity to do work

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82
Q

Power is the measure of how much energy is being converted to ____.

A

heat

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83
Q

Symbol for Power

A

P

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84
Q

Power’s Unit of Measurement

A

Watt

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85
Q

Power’s Symbol for the Unit of Measurement

A

W

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86
Q

___ ___ states that the amount of current in a circuit is directly proportional to the amount of applied voltage and inversely proportional to the amount of circuit resistance.

A

Ohm’s Law

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87
Q

Ohm’s Law is applied to ____ configurations to calculate voltage, current, and resistance.

A

circuit

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88
Q

Ohm’s Law is normally expressed in the formula: _____ (Current is equal to voltage divided by resistance).

A

I = E/R

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89
Q

Current equals voltage divided by resistance. You can solve for current (I) if you know voltage (V) and resistance (R). The formula for current is…?

A

I = V/R

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90
Q

Resistance equals voltage divided by current. You can solve for resistance (R) if you know voltage (V) and current (I). The formula for resistance is…?

A

R = V/I

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91
Q

Voltage equals current times resistance. You can solve for voltage (V) if you know current (I) and resistance (R). The formula for voltage is…?

A

V = IR

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92
Q

There are two basic types of circuits:

A

series and parallel

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93
Q

The minimum requirements for a circuit are:

A
  • Power supply (battery, difference of potential, voltage)
  • Load device (resistance, lamp)
  • Conductor (wire, continuity)
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94
Q

A ___ ___ is an electrical component, such as a light bulb or a stereo system, connected to and drawing current from a voltage source.

A

load device

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95
Q

Every load device has a certain amount of opposition to that circuit. ____ ____ is the resistance or opposition of the load device to current.

A

load resistance

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96
Q

___ ___ is the current drawn from the voltage source by the load device.

A

load current

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97
Q

To make a circuit more practical additional devices must be added to control, protect, and monitor the circuit:

A
  • Protective device (fuse/circuit breaker)
  • Control device (switch)
  • Monitoring device, (meter) (ammeter, ohmmeter, voltmeter)
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98
Q

According to the ___ ___ ___ ___, like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other.

A

Law of Electrical Charges

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99
Q

The ____ circuit is the simplest circuit

A

series

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100
Q

All circuits, no matter how complex, can be broken into any number of simple ____ circuits.

A

series

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101
Q

If the series circuit has one resistor, total resistance is equal to the value of that resistor. If the series circuit has more than one resistor, the values of all the resistors must be ____ together before you calculate current.

A

added

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102
Q

In a series circuit, current flows in…?

A

one path

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103
Q

Remember, current is the ____ at every point in a series circuit.

A

same

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104
Q

In a parallel circuit, current (I) flows in ____ than one complete path. In a series circuit, current (I) flows in ____ one path.

A

more
only

105
Q

Each branch in a parallel circuit is connected across the ____ voltage source

A

same

106
Q

Since each branch is connected across the same voltage source, it means there are ____ paths for current to flow through the circuit.

A

multiple

107
Q

The characteristics of voltage and current are different in parallel circuits than in series circuits. Voltage in parallel is common across each branch because each branch is…?

A

connected to the same voltage source

108
Q

Ohm’s Law required that two values had to be known to solve for the unknown. ___ ___ are used to find the unknown values in a circuit.

A

Kirchhoff’s Laws

109
Q

In any closed circuit, the applied voltage is equal to the sum of all
the voltage drops in the circuit.

A

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

110
Q

The sum of all currents flowing to a point must be equal to the sum
of all currents flowing away from that point. What this means is, current is common, or the same in series.

A

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

111
Q

Kirchhoff’s Laws for a series circuit - Applied Voltage Formula

A

EA = ER1 + ER2 + ER3

112
Q

Kirchhoff’s Laws for a series circuit - Total Resistance Formula

A

RT = R1 + R2 + R3

113
Q

Kirchhoff’s Laws for a series circuit - Total Current Formula

A

IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3

114
Q

Kirchhoff’s Law for Parallel Circuits - Applied Voltage Formula

A

EA = ER1 = ER2 = ER3

Note: Voltage is common across all branches in a
parallel circuit

115
Q

Kirchhoff’s Law for Parallel Circuits - Total current Formula

A

IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

116
Q

Kirchhoff’s Law for Parallel Circuits - Total Resistance - What are the three formula’s for finding this?

A

Reciprocal
Product over Sum
Equal Value

117
Q

What is the Total Resistance Reciprocal formula?

A
118
Q

What is the Product over Sum Formula?

A
119
Q

What is the Equal Value formula?

A
120
Q

Total resistance will always be _____ than any individual branch’s resistance.

A

less

121
Q

The reason total resistance in a parallel circuit is always lower than the smallest branch’s resistance can be explained by relating the circuit’s branches to lanes on a highway. When driving down a two-lane road, traffic moves freely, but as fast as the speed of the slowest driver in each lane. If those two lanes open into three lanes, traffic can move even faster, or more freely, because the same number
of cars are spread out across three lanes, so resistance ______. The same holds true for resistance in a parallel circuit; the more branches the less overall resistance.

A

decreases

122
Q

The first method of calculating total resistance in a parallel circuit is called the Reciprocal Formula. This method is best used for calculating total resistance when there are more than two
branches AND each resistor has a ___ ___.

A

different value

123
Q

The Product over Sum formula is beneficial when there are just ____ branches in a parallel circuit.

A

two

124
Q

The Equal Value formula is beneficial when all the resistors have the ____ value.

A

same

125
Q

The Equal Value formula can quickly calculate total resistance for any number of branches, but the resistance value for each resistor ____ be the same.

A

MUST

126
Q

The Equal Value formula can be defined as the total resistance of any number of _____ value resistors connected in parallel is equal to the resistance of one resistor divided by the total number of resistors.

A

equal

127
Q

We also reviewed the four characteristics of electronic circuit’s which are:

A

voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, and power including their symbols, unit of measure, and symbol for unit of measure, and uses in electronic circuits.

128
Q

One device that can create AC is called a…?

A

generator

129
Q

A generator converts the rotary motion, from a Prime mover such as a combustion motor, turbines driven by water (such as a damn, or a modern windmill) into ____ ____.

A

electric current

130
Q

A rotor, consisting of coils of wire wrapped around a metal core, is rotated within a set of stationary _____.

A

magnets

131
Q

What does AC stand for?

A

Alternating Current

132
Q

The stationary magnetic field is called the ____ (the stationary magnetic field can be generated by either a permanent magnet or a coil of wire with current applied).

A

stator

133
Q

Thus, when water or steam flows through the turbine, when wind turns the windmill, or the engine is running, the rotor _____.

A

turns

134
Q

As the rotor rotates, the magnetic field from the stator is cut across the coils of wire on the rotor. Because of the phenomenon of ____ ____, the rotor moving through the magnetic field has an electric current induced into it.

A

electromagnetic induction

135
Q

The strength and direction of this electric current depends on the ____ and ____ of the rotor.

A

position
direction

136
Q

To be clear when we say direction that means ____. The electrons are attracted/pushed in one direction and then because of the reversal in the magnetic field the current is reversed.

A

reversed

137
Q

Alternating current continually changes amplitude (Voltage) and periodically ____ direction.

A

reverses

138
Q

A ____ is comprised of one positive and one negative alteration.

A

cycle

139
Q

A brief comparison between Alternating Current (AC) and (Direct Current) Note that AC reverses direction (i.e. it alternates from positive to negative sides of the reference). DC voltages can fluctuate and even look like AC, but note the current never ____ direction and never crosses the reference.

A

reverses

140
Q

If the current never crosses alternates between positive and negative
voltages, meaning the voltage never crosses the reference line, then it’s ____.

A

DC

141
Q

DC can also just be a steady ____ voltage above or below the zero/ground (a flat line).

A

flat

142
Q

One voltage waveform is called a ___ ___, also known as sinusoidal wave or sinusoid wave, because the amount of induced voltage is proportional to the sine of the angle of rotation in the circular motion that produced the voltage.

A

sine wave

143
Q

A ____ is used to represent the amplitude/magnitude and phase relationships of voltage and current.

A

vector

144
Q

The term sine is the same term used in the mathematical function and is the trigonometric function of an angle. Used in conjunction with the word wave, (sine wave) it means that the wave is a depiction of the ___ ___ in proportion to the sine function of the angle.

A

varying amplitudes

145
Q

When AC is mentioned, it is considered to be _____ unless otherwise specified.

A

sinusoidal

146
Q

The ____ wave is characterized by its instantaneous rise and fall.

A

square

147
Q

The square wave is _____; the positive and negative portions are equal in time.

A

symmetrical

148
Q

A non-symmetrical variation of the square wave is the ____ wave, with the positive and negative alternations being of unequal time. This means that one duration is longer than the other.

A

rectangular

149
Q

The _____ wave is characterized by a slow increase with a linear rate of change to its peak value followed by a rapid drop to its maximum negative amplitude.

A

sawtooth

150
Q

The sawtooth wave is also called ___ ___ because of its linear rise time, or a time-base wave because of its constant rate of change.

A

ramp voltage

151
Q

The fall time between positive and negative peaks is short.

A

sawtooth waves

152
Q

AC sine waves are comprised of three primary voltage measurements:

A

Peak Voltage, Peak-to-Peak Voltage, and Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Voltage.

153
Q

The first is ___ ___, and it is abbreviated EPK or VPK.

A

peak voltage

154
Q

One complete sine wave consists of two alternations:

A

one positive and one negative

155
Q

Peak voltage is the peak, or maximum, voltage of one ____.

A

alternation

156
Q

Another important AC voltage measurement the ____ voltage, abbreviated VPK-PK.

A

Peak-to-Peak

157
Q

The Peak-to-Peak voltage is the voltage from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___.

A

positive peak
negative peak

158
Q

What does RMS stand for?

A

Root Mean Square

159
Q

The RMS value is also known as ___ ___ and is abbreviated as ERMS, EEff, or EAC.

A

effective voltage

160
Q

The term RMS allows a direct comparison of ___ and ___ voltages.

A

AC and DC

161
Q

The ____ voltage is the amount of AC voltage that will do the same amount of work as a DC voltage.

A

RMS

162
Q

AC multimeters measure RMS voltage, and ____ measure Peak or Peak-to-Peak voltages.

A

oscilloscopes

163
Q

The formula to calculate RMS is…?

A

.707 multipled by the AC Peak Voltage (.707 x Vpk)

164
Q

Notice that one cycle of the sine wave can be divided into two equal parts. The positive alternation is the ___ ___ ___, and the negative alternation is the ___ ___ ___.

A

positive half cycle
negative half cycle

165
Q

The positive half cycle rises from ___ to a maximum positive and then returns to ___. The negative half cycle drops from ___ to a maximum negative value and then returns to ___.

A

zero

166
Q

The frequency of any AC waveform is the number of…?

A

cycles that occur in one second

167
Q

The symbol for frequency is…?

A

f

168
Q

A cycle is one complete ____ iteration of AC.

A

360 degree

169
Q

____ is the unit of measurement for frequency.

A

Hertz (Hz)

170
Q

An important concept to understand is that frequency and voltage/amplitude are separate characteristics of the AC signal. Changing frequency will affect the period/duration/time of the
cycle, but frequency will NOT affect the ____ of the cycle.

A

amplitude/voltage

171
Q

If voltage is changed (increased/decreased), the frequency ___ ___ be affected. Voltage and frequency are independent of each other.

A

will NOT

172
Q

The ____ is the actual distance between the beginning and the end of one complete AC cycle.

A

wavelength

173
Q

The symbol for wavelength is the Greek letter ____ (λ).

A

Lambda

174
Q

Wavelength is expressed in…?

A

meters

175
Q

When two sine waves of the same frequency pass through zero and reach their positive peaks at the same time, they are ___ ___.

A

in-phase

176
Q

Notice that both sine waves cross the center timeline at the same point. That is, they start at zero, rise to peak voltage at 90 degrees return to zero at 180 degrees, and repeat the same action in the negative half cycle. Even though they are different voltages they are ___ ___.

A

in-phase

177
Q

When two sine waves of the same frequency do NOT pass through zero at the same time and do not reach their positive peaks at the same time, they are…?

A

out-of-phase

178
Q

___ ___ has zero frequency (no alternations).

A

Direct Current (DC)

179
Q

Frequencies are classified into four groups:

A

audio frequencies (AF), radio frequencies (RF), Optics, and X-Ray.

180
Q

Power frequencies range from __ Hz (DC) to almost __ kHz.

A

0Hz to 3 kHz

181
Q

In the United States, __Hz is the common household power frequency. Many countries of the world use __Hz.

A

60Hz
50Hz

182
Q

The _____ frequencies range is between 15Hz and 20 kHz and can generally be heard.

A

audio

183
Q

For audio frequencies, the exact point in the audio range of frequencies where tones can no longer be heard is not the same for all individuals. Therefore, the upper limit of the audio frequency
range is an ____ amount of 20 kHz.

A

arbitrary

184
Q

The frequencies between 20 KHz and 300 GHz are classified as ___ ___.

A

radio frequencies

185
Q

Radio frequencies are used to transmit intelligence (audio) through space by electrical means using ___ ___.

A

electromagnetic waves

186
Q

The term ____ is applied to frequencies between 1GHz to 300GHz.

A

microwave

187
Q

Since different frequencies within the radio frequency range produce different effects in transmission, they are subdivided into ____ for convenience of reference.

A

bands

188
Q

Notice that the lower frequencies, those below 30 kHz, are classified in the ___ ___ ___ (VLF) band. This band includes some of the audio frequencies.

A

very low frequency

189
Q

The next band above the VLF is the ___ ___ band, which includes the frequencies between 30 kHz and 300 kHz.

A

low frequency (LF)

190
Q

Frequencies between 300 kHz and 3 MHz are in the ____ ____ band.

A

medium frequency (MF)

191
Q

This band includes the commercial AM radio broadcasting frequencies.

A

medium frequency (MF)

192
Q

Most airborne radar systems operate in the ___ ___ ___ range.

A

super high frequency (SHF)

193
Q

The rest of the spectrum is considered high frequency and is divided into what bands?

A

high frequency (HF)
very high frequency (VHF)
ultra high frequency (UHF)
super high frequency (SHF)
extremely high frequency (EHF)

194
Q

The optics range extends to approximately ___Hz

A

10^17Hz

195
Q

The optics range includes those frequencies that produce
light such as…?

A

Infrared, Visible Range, and Ultraviolet

196
Q

Fiber Optics operates in this spectrum.

A

optics range

197
Q

The X-ray range extends to approximately ____Hz.

A

10^23Hz

198
Q

So, the bottom line is resistors create resistance to current, and all other components (such as inductors and capacitors) are said to create opposition to ____.

A

current

199
Q

Four basic factors affect resistance:

A

type of material, length, cross sectional area, and temperature.

200
Q

There are four physical factors that affect inductance (L):

A

Number of turns in the coil
Core cross-sectional area (diameter)
Length of the coil (space between the coils)
Type of core material (permeability)

201
Q

The relationship of the four physical factors that affect inductance (L) can be expressed by the following formula for single layer coils.

A
202
Q

The inductance of an inductor is directly proportional to…?

A

the number of turns, cross sectional area of the core, and the permeability of core.

203
Q

If we increase any of these three factors, inductance will increase; decreasing any of these three factors will ____ inductance.

A

decrease

204
Q

Inductance is inversely proportional to the ___ __ ___ ___. So, a longer coil creates less inductance, while a shorter coil creates more inductance.

A

length of the coil

205
Q

_____ is the ability to store electrical energy in the form of an electrostatic field between the plates.

A

Capacitance

206
Q

Capacitance is equal to the ratio of…?

A

dielectric constant (k) and the plate area (A) to the distance between the plates (d).

207
Q

The capacitance of a capacitor is directly ____ to its plate area (A) and also to the dielectric constant (k).

A

proportional

208
Q

The capacitance of a capacitor is ___ ___ to the distance between the plates. A shorter (less) distance between the positive and negative plates means more attraction, thus more capacitance. As the distance between the plates increases, capacitance decreases.

A

inversely proportional

209
Q

When working with AC, there are three different values used to express voltage:

A

Peak, Peak-to-Peak, and RMS (also known as Effective voltage).

210
Q

What is the formula for peak voltage?

A

EPk = 1.414 x ERMS
EPk = .5 x EPK-PK

211
Q

What is the formula for Peak to Peak?

A

EPk-Pk = 2 x EPK
EPk-Pk = 2.828 x ERMS

212
Q

What is the formula for RMS?

A

ERMS = .707 x EPK
ERMS = .3535 x EPK-PK

213
Q

What is the frequency to time formula?

A
214
Q

What is the time to frequency formula?

A
215
Q

Ohm’s law works in AC circuits just as it did in DC circuits, and the
_____ formulas apply.

A

same

216
Q

Resistors oppose current flow through an electrical circuit. They have a consistent resistance all the time, and the component treats everything the ____.

A

same

217
Q

Capacitors and inductors also oppose current however, their opposition is directly related to how they ____ to different
frequencies.

A

react

218
Q

The opposition that a capacitor offers to alternating current is called ___ ___ and is represented as XC, where X is the symbol for reactance and C is the symbol for capacitance.

A

capacitive reactance

219
Q

Similarly, the opposition inductors offer to current is called ___ ___ and is represented as XL.

A

inductive reactance

220
Q

In an AC circuit, the frequency of the alternating current through the circuit causes the capacitors and inductors in the circuit to ____ in different ways.

A

react

221
Q

In an AC circuit, as frequency increases, any capacitors in the circuit will react by offering ____ opposition/reactance to the signal.

A

less

222
Q

In an AC circuit, any inductors in the circuit will react by offering ____ opposition/inductance to the signal.

A

more

223
Q

What is the formula for capacitive reactance?

A
224
Q

What is the formula for inductive reactance?

A
225
Q

The unit of measurement for both types (inductive and capacitance) of reactance is _____ and can be substituted into Ohm’s Law

A

Ohms (Ω)

226
Q

What is the formula for inductance?

A
227
Q

The two factors that affect inductive reactance are changes in ___ and ___.

A

frequency (f) and inductance (L)

228
Q

If frequency or inductance increases, inductive reactance (XL) will increase. XL will decrease if frequency or inductance is decreased. Therefore, inductive reactance is directly ____ to either frequency or inductance.

A

proportional

229
Q

What are the factors and effect capacitive reactance?

A
  1. One factor that determines capacitive reactance (XC) of a capacitor is its capacitance value (C). As C value increases, the XC decreases and vice versa. Any change in the variables for C will affect XC.
  2. The second factor that determines capacitive reactance of a capacitor is the frequency of the AC voltage applied to the circuit. Remember, a capacitor will charge and discharge at the frequency of the applied voltage. Increasing the frequency will decrease the time allowed for charge therefore, decreasing capacitive reactance. On the other hand, decreasing the frequency will cause the capacitor to take longer to charge therefore, increasing capacitive reactance.
230
Q

Total opposition to current in a circuit, made up of resistance (R), capacitive reactance (XC) and inductive reactance (XL), determines the ____ ____.

A

circuit’s impedance (Z)

231
Q

_____ is defined as the total opposition that a circuit offers to alternating current flow.

A

Impedance

232
Q

The formula for Impedance is:

A
233
Q

It’s important to note that any combination of the three above values can be placed into the formula to obtain the total opposition/resistance to the circuit. It’s also important to note you do not have to have all three. What are the values?

A

resistance (R), capacitive reactance (XC) and inductive reactance (XL),

234
Q

The formula for impedance is also known as the…?

A

Pythagorean Theorem.

235
Q

In the impedance formula, these three components act as a
dysfunctional family in which the resistor (resistance) remains constant, however capacitive reactance (XC) and inductive reactance (XL) are both _____ each other as seen in the impedance
formula above. As you can see in the impedance formula, XC and XL are subtracted from one another meaning one will always be taking away (opposition) from the other.

A

opposing

236
Q

Some types of circuits are designed to respond or react to alternating current frequencies either passing or blocking them. _____ are electrical circuits consisting of a number of reactive
components grouped together in order to filter out or produce certain frequencies or frequency ranges.

A

Filters

237
Q

Frequency ranges are known as _____, which is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies, measured in Hertz.

A

Bandwidth (BW)

238
Q

_______ frequencies are those low and high points that define the bandwidth and are rapidly attenuated (cutoff) in the filter
configuration.

A

Cuttoff

239
Q

Filters are placed between a ___ ___ and the ____ ____.

A

signal source and the load device

240
Q

A ___ ___ ___ is designed to pass selective frequencies and block (attenuate) all others.

A

Frequency sensitive filter

241
Q

Filters use combinations of…?

A

resistors, capacitors, and inductors

242
Q

What are the four types of Frequency Sensitive Filters?

A

Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Band reject

243
Q

The following describes which kind of frequency sensitive filter?

Allows all frequencies below a certain frequency (the cutoff frequency) to pass, while attenuating (blocking) all frequencies above cutoff.

A

low pass

244
Q

The following describes which kind of frequency sensitive filter?

Allows all frequencies above cutoff to pass, while attenuating (blocking) all frequencies below cutoff.

A

high pass

245
Q

The following describes which kind of frequency sensitive filter?

Allows specific band of frequencies to pass while attenuating (blocking) all frequencies below and above the specific cutoffs.

A

Band pass

246
Q

The following describes which kind of frequency sensitive filter?

Attenuates (blocks) a specific band of frequencies while passing all
frequencies below and above the specific cutoffs.

A

Band reject

247
Q

___ ___ filters are used as part of an audio crossover to direct low frequencies to a bass speaker and block high frequencies which could interfere with the speaker. They can also be used in mixing consoles at each channel strip (audio amplification for each instrument or voice being recorded).

A

Low pass

248
Q

If the filter is on an audio system, only the low frequencies would be heard. Any frequency above a certain point would not be heard.

A

Low pass filters

249
Q

If the filter is on an audio system, only the high frequencies would be heard. Any frequency below a certain point would not be heard.

A

High pass filters

250
Q

___ ___ filters have many applications. They can direct high frequencies to a tweeter while attenuating bass (low frequency) signals which could interfere with the speaker. They can also be used in mixing consoles.

A

High pass

251
Q

___ ___ filters pass a narrow band of frequencies and attenuate frequencies above and below an upper cutoff frequency and a lower cutoff frequency.

A

Band pass

252
Q

If the filter is on an audio system, only a certain band of frequencies would be heard.

A

Band pass

253
Q

Band-pass filters are widely used in ____ transmitters and receivers.

A

wireless

254
Q

The main function in a transmitter is to limit the bandwidth of the output signal to the band allocated for the transmitter. This prevents the transmitter from interfering with other stations/transmitters. In a receiver, a band-pass filter allows signals within a selected range of frequencies to be heard or decoded, while preventing signals at
unwanted frequencies from getting through.

A

Band pass filters

255
Q

___ ___ filters pass all frequencies except for those within a certain range. They can be used to filter out a specific frequency band to prevent harmful interference.

A

Band reject

256
Q

If the filter is on an audio system, only the higher and lower frequencies would be heard. Any frequency within the attenuated range would not be heard.

A

Band reject filter

257
Q

The frequency and voltage of an AC signal are completely separate and independent of each other. Changing frequency does not affect the input voltage, and changing voltage does not affect the frequency. An example of this is a ___ ___. Changing the radio station will change the frequency that the radio is receiving, but not the volume that you are hearing. Adjusting the volume (voltage) does not change the station (frequency) to which you are tuned.

A

FM radio

258
Q

Within an AC circuit, changing applied voltage or resistance has the ___ effect as in a DC circuit.

A

same

Module 2 (3 decks)

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