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anat242 > mod 1 > Flashcards

mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon

A

forebrain

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2
Q

midbrain, pons, medulla

A

brainstem

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3
Q

pons, medulla

A

hindbrain

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4
Q

outer meningeal layer

A

dura mater

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5
Q

middle meningeal layer

A

arachnoid mater

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6
Q

inner meningeal layer

A

pia mater

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7
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal

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8
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal from parietal and frontal

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9
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal and occipital

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10
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates temporal from cerebellum

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11
Q

location of conus medullaris

A

at the termination of spinal cord - after L1

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12
Q

location of cauda equina

A

collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal after L3

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13
Q

filum terminale

A

anchors the spinal cord so it sits nicely in the vertebral canal

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14
Q

location of white and grey matter

A

in spinal cord - grey is central located and white is peripherally
opposite in brain

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15
Q

posterior

A

dorsal

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16
Q

anterior

A

ventral

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17
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent fibres

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18
Q

ventral root

A

efferent fibres

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19
Q

Paresthesias

A

sensory loss

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20
Q

high tetraplegia is damage to what

A

C1 to C4

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21
Q

low tetraplegia is damage to what

A

C5 to C8

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22
Q

damage to thoracic, lumbar, or sacral injuries

A

paraplegia

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23
Q

damage to left ventral horn

A

paralysis on right side

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24
Q

damage to right dorsal horn

A

sensory loss on left side

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25
Q

outer layer of dura mater

A

periosteal

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26
Q

inner layer of dura mater

A

meningeal

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27
Q

what creates the brains folds

A

folding of the meningeal

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28
Q

falx cerebri

A

separates two cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebellum + cerebrum

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30
Q

falx cerebelli

A

two cerebellar hemispheres

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31
Q

subdural space

A

space between dura mater and arachnoid mater, very narrow contains film of fluid

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32
Q

how is arachnoid mater connected to pia mater

A

by fine strands of connective tissue (arachnoid trabecular)

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33
Q

arachnoid villi

A

knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater

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34
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

aggregations of arachnoid villi that drain CSF into venous sinuses

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35
Q

4 cisterns of importance

A
  1. interpeduncular cistern
  2. pontine cistern
  3. superior cistern
  4. cerebellomedullary cistern
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36
Q

cistern

A

enlarged subarachnoid space

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37
Q

pia mater

A

sends prolongations into brain tissue along with blood vessels forming perivascular space, helps form the roof of the ventricles closely associated with choroid plexus and ependyma

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38
Q

which layer of of dura mater does the spine not have

A

no periosteal layer

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39
Q

epidural space

A

space between spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall, contains fat and venous plexus, largest at L2 for anesthesia

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40
Q

lumbar cistern

A

inferior to spinal cord below L1 for lumbar puncture to sample CSF

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41
Q

denticulate ligament

A

supports spinal cord within dural sheath down into the filum terminale

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42
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of pia mater and arachnoid mater

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43
Q

midbrain

A

help to anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem.
contains the oculomoter nerve (anteriorly) and trochlear nerves (posteriorly) and cerebral peduncles

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44
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual rely and reflex centres

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45
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory relay and reflex nuclei

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46
Q

substantia nigra

A

located deep to cerebral peduncle
functionally linked to basal nuclei/ganglia
contains melanin pigment

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47
Q

red nucleus

A

lies deep to the substantia nigra
rich blood supply and contains iron pigment
relay nucleus in some descending motor pathways

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48
Q

pons has

A

trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and the 4th ventricle

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49
Q

pyramidal decussation

A

axons of pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level just above the medulla-spinal junction (at level of foramen magnum)

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50
Q

medulla role

A

maintains body homeostasis, containing the cardiac, respiratory and other reflex centres. has functional association with the hypothalamus

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51
Q

interventricular foramen

A

links the lateral with the third lateral

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52
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

links the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle

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53
Q

fourth ventricle

A

between cerebellum and pons/medulla
2 lateral apertures, and one median aperture

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54
Q

CSF circulation

A

produced in choroid in lateral ventricle –> through interventricular foramen to third ventricle –> through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle –> exits at median aperture or down to spinal cord –> from median aperture to cistern magna –> arachnoid villi –> superior sagittal sinus

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55
Q

hydrocephalus

A

enlarged head in newborn baby, an excessive amount of CSF in ventricular system due to issues with circulation or absorption into venous sinus

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56
Q

10 seconds of interruption of blood flow

A

cause unconsciousness

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57
Q

1 to 2 minutes of interruption of blood flow

A

can impair neural function

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58
Q

4 minutes of interruption of blood flow

A

irreversible brain damage

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59
Q

common carotid artery divides into

A

external and internal carotid artery

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60
Q

what does external and internal carotid artery supply to

A

external supplies to face, internal supplies to brain

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61
Q

what does the internal carotid artery divide into

A

the anterior and middle cerebral artery

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62
Q

circle of willis

A

basal artery connects to internal carotid artery (via posterior communication arteries)

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63
Q

circle of willis function

A

maintain blood supply to entire brain if 1 artery gets blocked

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64
Q

what does posterior cerebral artery supply

A

the medial aspect of the hemisphere (1/3), occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, 3rd and lateral ventricles

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65
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

almost all the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere

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66
Q

what does the cerebral artery supply

A

the medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres (2/3) and basal nuclei

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67
Q

occlusion of anterior cerebral artery results in

A

contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (2 arteries) and impaired sensation in lower limb greatest

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68
Q

occlusion of middle cerebral artery

A

a severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation mostly in upper limb and face

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69
Q

damage to dominant hemisphere during occlusion to middle cerebral artery

A

other hemisphere (left) will have motor problems with inability or severe problems with speech

70
Q

occlusion of posterior cerebral artery

A

contralateral homonymous hemainopsia

71
Q

venous drainage of the brain

A

fine veins -> pial venous -> cerebral veins -> dural venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein -> heart

72
Q

pial venous plexuses

A

mass group of veins within the pia mater

73
Q

olfactory nerve

A

SENSE smell, pass through cribform plate of ethmoid bone

74
Q

optic nerve

A

SENSE - vision, passes through optic foramen

75
Q

oculomotor nerves

A

MOTOR - (emerge from ventral midbrain) moves eyeballs, constricts pupil, passes through superior orbital fissure

76
Q

levator palpebrae superior muscle does what

A

raise upper eyelid

77
Q

trochlear nerve

A

MOTOR - (emerge from dorsal membrane) eye movement (rotation downward + laterally), passes through superior orbital fissure

78
Q

trigeminal nerves V1

A

ophthalmic division - vision, axons run from face to pons via superior orbital fissure (SENSORY)

79
Q

trigeminal nerves V2

A

maxillary division, axons run from face to pons via foramen rotundum (SENSORY)
upper teeth, palate, skin cheek and upper lip, nasal cavity

80
Q

trigeminal nerves V3

A

mandibular division, pass through skull via foramen ovale. (SENSORY to anterior tongue,
lower teeth, temporal region of scalp)
(MOTOR to carry proprioceptor axons from muscles of mastication)

81
Q

impaired chewing would be due to which cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve

82
Q

abducens nerve

A

MOTOR - abducts eyeball, leave inferior pons to pass through superior orbital fissure

83
Q

droopy eyelids is damage to what

A

oculomoter nerves

84
Q

facial nerves

A

SENSORY AND MOTOR from pons to temporal bone via internal auditory meatus

85
Q

5 branches of facial nerves

A

temporal - temporal region
zygomatic - zygomatic bone
buccal - cheek region
mandibular - mandible
cervical - neck region

86
Q

bells pasly or distrubed sense of taste is damage to what

A

facial nerves

87
Q

facial (motor)

A

to skeletal muscles of face except chewing

88
Q

facial (sensory)

A

impulses from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue

89
Q

vestibulocochlear nerves

A

SENSORY, pass through intneral acoustic meatus

90
Q

nystagmus, deafness, dizziness damage of what

A

vestibulocochlear nerves

91
Q

glossopharngeal nerves

A

SENSORY and mOTOr through jugular foramen
sensory - posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor - axons to pharyngeal muscle - stylopharyngeus

92
Q

vagus nerve

A

sensory and motor, jugular foramen
motor - skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx
sesnory-abdominal viscera, pharynx, carotid sinus?

93
Q

only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck to thorax and abdomen

A

vagus nerve

94
Q

hoarseness of loss voice, impaired swallowing, digestive system mobility damage to

A

vagus nerve

95
Q

accessory nerves

A

MOTOR jugular foramen, supplies axons to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for neck shoulder movement

96
Q

unable to shrug/move head/neck/shoulder damage is due to

A

accessory nerves

97
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

MOTOR, hypoglossal canal, motor axons to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (for movements of speech, food manipulation, swallowing)

98
Q

damage to causes difficulties in speech and swallowing
one side - tongue deviates
both sides - inability to protrude tongue

A

hypologossal nerve

99
Q

nonfluent aphasia

A

damage to brocas area

100
Q

fluent aphasia

A

damage to wernickes area

101
Q

reticular formation

A

involved in habituation, composed of clusters fo grey matter scattered through brainstem
can be inhibited by sleep centres located in hypothalamus

102
Q

arbor vitae-tree of life

A

white matter

103
Q

cerebellum primary concern

A

posture, balance, movement across multiple joints

104
Q

how synergistic multijoint movement is achieved

A
  1. premotor cortex inform to start voluntary muscle contraction
  2. cerebellum receives information from proprioceptors
  3. information includes tension in muscles/joints
  4. cerebellum evaluates body position and momentum
  5. calculates best way to coordinate
  6. coordinates movement
105
Q

what connects the right and left hemisphere of the cerebellum

A

vermis

106
Q

two main inputs of the cerebellar circuits

A

mossy fibres (from spinal cord) and brainstem neurons

107
Q

what do mossy axons form excitatory synapses with in the cerebellar cortex?

A

granule neurons

108
Q

the sole output neuron from the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje neuron

109
Q

vermis function regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

projects to fastigal nucleus

110
Q

intermediate zone of the function regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

projects to the interposed/interpoisitus nucleus

111
Q

lateral zone of the functional regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

projects to the dentate nucleus

112
Q

motor input of cerebellum

A

corticopontine tract goes onto the cerebellum to form the corticopontine cerebellum tract

113
Q

sensory input of cerebellum

A

spino-olivary tract -> inferior olivary nucleus -> lateral zone -> dentate nucleus -> red nucleus -> thalamus -> primary motor cortex (then output via lateral corticospinal tract)

114
Q

spinocerebellar intermediate zone circuits

A

controls accuracy of movement of limbs e.g. precision at a joint

115
Q

spinocerebellar medial/median/vermal zone circuit

A

controls posture via influencing axial muscles in trunk

116
Q

vestibulocerebellar circuits

A

maintain balance via axial limb muscles

117
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

conveys sensory information to the cerebellum

118
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

contains only afferent axons

119
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects cerebellum to midbrain

120
Q

ataxia

A

inaccuracy in speed, force and distance of movement

121
Q

tremor

A

involuntary oscillation of the limbs or trunk

122
Q

nystagmus

A

rhythmic voluntary oscillation of the eyes

123
Q

headache+vomiting

A

blockage of CSF drainage from 4th ventricle

124
Q

projection tracts

A

extend vertically from brain to spinal cord, forming internal capsule

125
Q

commissural tracts

A

cross from one hemisphere to the other

126
Q

anterior commisure

A

includes axons that connect the middle and inferior temporal gyri of the two sides

127
Q

association fibres

A

connect lobes and gyri within the hemishpere

128
Q

putamen + globus pallidus

A

lentiform nucleus

129
Q

lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

A

corpus striatum

130
Q

corpus striatum + subthalamic nuclei + substantia nigra

A

basal ganglia

131
Q

putamen + caudate nucleus

A

striatum

132
Q

basal ganglia function

A

motor control

133
Q

parkinsons disease

A

substantia nigra dopamine neuron degeneration

134
Q

forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle

A

thalamus

135
Q

epithalamus

A

generates melatonin

136
Q

taste

A

lower end of postcentral gyrus

137
Q

smell

A

medial temporal uncus and orbitofrontal lobes

138
Q

vision

A

occipital lobe

139
Q

hearing

A

superior temporal lobe

140
Q

equilibrium

A

mainly to the cerebellum

141
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to mechanical force e.g. touch pressure, vibration

142
Q

thermoreceptors

A

are sensitive to temperature change

143
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy

144
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals in solution

145
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain

146
Q

exeroreceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli arising outside of body

147
Q

interoreceptors / visceroceptors

A

are sensitive to stimuli within the body

148
Q

proprioceptors

A

are sensitive to internal stimuli

149
Q

gracile tract

A

medial - carriers impulses from lower limbs and inferior body trunk

150
Q

cuneate tract

A

lateral - transmits afferent impulses from upper limbs, trunks and neck

151
Q

processing at receptor level

A

detect stimuli -> transduction -> propagation

152
Q

anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite somatosensory cortex

153
Q

lateral spinothalamic pathway

A

first order: dorsal root ganglion
2nd order: dorsal horn of spinal cord
cross in spinal cord
3rd order: thalamus
concerned with pain and temperature

154
Q

spinocerebellar pathways

A

no cross over and no third oder neuron, axons go straight to cerebellum rather than thalamus
1st order: dorsal root ganglion
2nd order: dorsal horn neuron

155
Q

dorsal column pathway

A

first order: dorsal root ganglia
2nd order: nucleus gracillis and cuneatus
cross at medulla
3rd order: thalamus

156
Q

dorsal column injury

A

loss of fine touch and conscious proprioception on same side below site of injur

157
Q

injury on left anterolateral side

A

loss of pain and temperature on right side

158
Q

injury on right posterolateral side

A

loss of unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum from right side of the body

159
Q

cortical motor areas

A

produce direct pyramidal system

160
Q

brainstem motor areas

A

oversee the indirect (extrapyramidal) system

161
Q

direct pyramidal system (concerned with voluntary movments)

A

PMC -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncle -> pyramids cross over -> down lateral tract

162
Q

damage to corticospinal tract at any level

A

paralysis of target muscles

163
Q

lesion above pyramidal decussation on right

A

paralysis of left upper limb and lower limb muscles

164
Q

lesion below the pyramidal decussation in left lateral T10 spinal cord

A

paralysis of left lower limb muscles

165
Q

indirect extrapyramidal system four major nuclei

A

superior colliculus, red nucleus, reticular formation in pons and medulla, vestibular nuclei in medulla

166
Q

tectospinal tract

A

move head and neck and visual input

167
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

maintain muscle tone

168
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

initiates CPG in spinal cord

169
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

maintain balance

170
Q

command nerons in brainstem nuclei

A

start/stop. and regulate posture and balance

171
Q

ascending tracts

A

dorsal white column: gracile and cuneate fasciculus
spinocerebellar tracts: dorsal + ventral
spinothalamic tracts: lateral + ventral

172
Q

descending tracts

A

corticospinal pyramidal tracts: lateral + ventral
rubrospinal tract
reticulospinal tract: medial + lateral
vestibulospinal tract
tectospinal tract

anat242 (4 decks)

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