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phgy 170 module 1 > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 tenets of cell theory?

A

1) all living organisms are made up of fore than one cell
2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3) all cells come from pre existing cells

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of prokaryotes ?

A

no nulceus or membrane bound organelle , smaller cells , are unicellular, binary fission, always asexual

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3
Q

What are some characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

nucleus and membrane bound organelle , larger cells , multicellular, perform mitosis and meiosis, sexual and a sexual

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4
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water being attracted to water

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5
Q

Hydrophobic

A

does not dissolve in water, carbon is a good example

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6
Q

the cell can form membranes because ?

A

non polar carbon is attracted to each other and will repel water allowing for compartmentalization to occur

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7
Q

why can water support life ?

A

1)because of its polarity meaning that it is an excellent solvent and delivers the nutrients along with waste removal and allows chemical messengers
2) high specific heat capacity allows for thermoregulation which acts as a heat sink for the many chemical reactions

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8
Q

central DNA dogma

A

3 key processes that must take place for information to turn into DNA and protein- consists of replication ( DNA is copied before cell division so each new cell will have DNA
Transcription- info from a section of DNA is transcribed into RNA to be transported out of the nucleus for protien production
RNA is read and processed and is translated into from nucleotides to amino acids

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9
Q

What is meant by the DNA being semi conservative

A

The parent cell acts as a template for the daughter cell, meaning that the parent cell is semi conserved in the daughter cell

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10
Q

3 process of DNA replication

A

initiation , elongation, termination

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11
Q

replication consists of ?

A

DNA strands are being separated ( happens at areas in the DNA known as the origin of replication ( ORC)

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12
Q

Steps in DNA replication

A

1) protein binding to the ORC DNA helicase is the most important
2) the 2 strands get unwound forming replication fork and helicase and the fork will move down the strand
3) exposed DNA can now be copied and synthesis of new strands can be carried out by DNA polymerase where primase will add RNA nucleotides at start of strand

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13
Q

elongation replication stage

A

Primers here will get elongated by the enzyme DNA polymerase

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14
Q

Direction of DNA polymerase

A

can move along the parent strand in 3’ to 5’ direction , creating strand in the 5 to 3 direction

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15
Q

catalysis and DNA polymerase

A

will catalyze phosphdiester bonds between incoming nucleotide and existing one on backbone

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16
Q

Direction of DNA Synthesis and what is made

A

5 to 3 direction and and one new leading strand which is a continuous piece while the other is in pieces known as the lagging strand

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17
Q

Lagging strand is built in which direction ? why does it move away from the fork

A

5 to 3 direction running away from the replication fork and because DNA polymerase can only build continously in the 3 to 5 direction .As it moves away from fork , it must be released and reattached multiple times and each time will require primase

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18
Q

Lagging strand is built in which direction ? why does it move away from the fork

A

5 to 3 direction running away from the replication fork and because DNA polymerase can only build continously in the 3 to 5 direction .As it moves away from fork , it must be released and reattached multiple times and each time will require primase

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19
Q

What are okazaki fragments ?

A

short fragments of DNA created from the lagging strand

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20
Q

What are SSPS ?

A

Binding proteins that protect the lagging strand from damage when it is not being replicated

21
Q

role of ligase ?

A

Where RNA primers used to be , ligase will connect and make the strand continuous. This is done by catalyzing phosphodiseter bonds which will seal the gaps in the backbone the lagging strand will be joined together

22
Q

problem with the termination of replication

A

there is a stretch of DNA on the lagging strand that cannot be replicated ( not enough space for primase to add RNA primer resulting in a stretch of uncopied dna known as overhang

23
Q

cell structures that prevent shortening of chromosomes

A

Telomeres are sections of non coding DNA that are added to the end of each chromosome which can be degraded over time because they are non functional

24
Q

Enzyme that adds telomeres

A

telomerase which carries RNA strand which can bind to the 3” overhang

25
Q

After non functional DNA is added ? what happens

A

RNA primer is added and DNA polyermase adds DNA until there is not enough on the 3 end

26
Q

What are some of the transcription factors? and what do they do ?

A

Involved in the synthesis of DNA to RNA( RNA polymerase ) There are 3 types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes

27
Q

RNA polymerase 1

A

responsible for synthesizing most of the rRNA required for a functional ribosome

28
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

synthesizes mRNA

29
Q

RNA polymerase 3

A

synthesizes tRNA

30
Q

Initiation of transcription and second step ?

A
  • starts with the binding of a transcription factor to specific sequence which is known as a regulatory region located upstream of gene and can control if the gene is turned on or off
  • step 2, takes place when Pol II binds to the DNA and will attach to promoter
31
Q

promoter region

A

known as the start site for transcription and contains a TATA box

32
Q

the binding of transcription factors will carry out the process with what 3 mechanisms ?

A

1) guiding RNA pol2 to the correct DNA strand
2) unwinding the strand enough for RNA POL 2 to access the gene
3) activating the enzyme function of RNA pol 2 by phosphorylating it twice
Then transcription

33
Q

transcription complex is made up of :

A

RNA pol 2 and transcription factors

34
Q

Elongation of transcription

A

when the polymerase moves forward it will synthesize mRNA molecule and RNA pol2 will add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

35
Q

transcription bubble

A

entire region of unwound DNA

36
Q

How does transcription end?

A

Proteins bind to pol 2 to halt transcription. Will end when RNA is cleaved from RNA pol2 by a seperate enzyme and the transcription bubble collapses and the RNA molecule disscociates from template and Pol 2 will detatch from DNA

37
Q

Why is post transcriptional RNA processing needed ?

A
  • needed to preserve the newly formed mRNA molecule and deliver it to its final location
38
Q

5’ methylguanosine cap

A

occurs shortly after the synthesis takes place, is used as a form of protection for the mRNA moleecule from degrading prematurely
- required to begin translation

39
Q

3- polyadenylation

A

Poly A polymerase adds around 200 adenosines to the 3 ‘ end right after its cut from the RNA pol 2 ( creates poly A tail
- needed for the binding of proteins so the mRNA can be transported out of the nucleus to start translation

40
Q

RNA splicing

A

occurs at the same time as the polyA tail - removal of the introns ( non coding regions of the gene , performed by spliceosome ( protein/ RNA complex )

41
Q

alternate splicing

A

creates multiple mRNA molecules from one gene causing exons to be skipped

42
Q

How does the mRNA get transported out of the nucleus

A

proteins bind to mRNA to transport out of nucleus through nuclear pore where the mRNA will then remain in cytoplasm

43
Q

Translation is initiated by ?

A

initiation factors which bind to the mRNA and will help the ribosomal subunits identify the initiation site

44
Q

Elongation factors

A

Proteins which help in elongation and some will form complexes to deliver tRNA

45
Q

job of tRNA

A

Deliver the correct amino acid to growing peptide where each one will recognize a codon and will have the complementary sequence ( anticodon )

46
Q

Ribosome

A

large and small subunit made of tRNA , LARGE one has 3 sites ( APE ) and small site bind the mRNA

47
Q

Initiation of translation

A

ribosome assembles around the tRNA , inititation factors help with this where they will bind to the poly A tail binding protein

48
Q

2 kinds of DNA repair

A

repair during DNA replication and repair in the cell cycle

phgy 170 module 1 (4 decks)

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