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cell and molecular bio mod 1 > mod 1 > Flashcards

mod 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 most common elements of living organisms

A

Carbon, Oxygen,Hydrogen,Nitrogen

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2
Q

nucleus

A

center of atom and contains protons and neutrons

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3
Q

outermost region of atom

A

holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

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4
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons

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5
Q

atomic mass

A

the mass of the atom, roughly equal to number of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

how to calculate the number of neutrons in an element

A

subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

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7
Q

what are isotopes

A

forms of an element with different number of neutrons, and thus different mass numbers

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8
Q

atoms with neutral charge.
number of protons=
number of electrons=

A

protons= number of electrons
electrons= number of protons

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9
Q

what are orbits

A

electrons shells or energy levels

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10
Q

what are reactants

A

substances used at beginning of reaction

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11
Q

what are products

A

substances formed at the end of the reaction

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12
Q

what is an irreversible reaction

A

proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up

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13
Q

what is a reversible reaction

A

reactants are converted to products but some product can be converted back to reactant

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14
Q

ionic bonds

A

atoms give up or gain electrons

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15
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and attracted more to one nucleus than the other. example water

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16
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are equally shared by the atom. example methane

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17
Q

what are hydrogen bonds.

A

interactions between the + of hydrogen and the - of a more electronegative atom on another molecule- often occurs between water molecules.

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18
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules (in close proximity) due to changes in electron density

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19
Q

liquid water

A

hydrogen bonds are constantly made, broken and remade

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20
Q

gas

A

water is heated the increased kinetic energy of water causes hydrogen bonds to break and water molecules escape into air as gas

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21
Q

solid water

A

temperature is lowered and a crystalline structure is maintained

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22
Q

what is heat capacity

A

specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree celsius.

it takes a long time for water to heat up and cool down

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23
Q

heat vaporization

A

the amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas

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24
Q

can ions and polar molecules dissolve in water

A

yes

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25
Q

is water a solvent

A

yes

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26
Q

what are the compounds that dissolved or mixed in with water

A

a solute

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27
Q

What is cohesion

A

water molecules of the liquid-gas interface sick together due to hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

What is surface tension

A

the capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress

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29
Q

What is adhesion

A

an attraction between water molecules and other molecules

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30
Q

what is carbon

A

a key component of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acids)

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31
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

the energy that is released is what heats our homes and powers our cars

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32
Q

do singe bonds rotate

A

yes, found in ethane

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33
Q

can double bonds rotate

A

no they cannot, so atoms are on either side and are locked in place

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34
Q

isomers

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in placement of atoms or types of bonds between atoms

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35
Q

structural isomers

A

have a different covalent arrangement of atoms

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36
Q

geometric isomers

A

have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond

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37
Q

enantiomers

A

molecules that share chemical formulas and bonds but differ in the 3D placement of atoms. they are mirror images

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38
Q

trans configuration carbons are

A

on opposite sides of double bond

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39
Q

cis configuration carbons are

A

on the same side double bonds

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40
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms within a molecule that confer consistent specific properties to the molecules

41
Q

hydroxyl group

A

polar

42
Q

methyl group

A

nonpolar

43
Q

carbonyl group

A

polar

44
Q

carboxyl

A

charged, can release H+ ions. since they can do that they are considered acidic

45
Q

amino

A

charged. accepts H+ to form NH+3. since they can remove H+ from solutions they are considered basic

46
Q

phosphate

A

charged. releases H+ so they are considered acidic

47
Q

sulfhydryl

A

polar

48
Q

aldoses

A

carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain

49
Q

ketoses

A

carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain

50
Q

trioses

A

three carbons

51
Q

pentoses

A

five carbons

52
Q

hexoses

A

six carbons

53
Q

glucose

A

important source of energy

54
Q

galactose

A

part of lactoses/ milk sugar

55
Q

fructose

A

part of sucrose/fruit

56
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

57
Q

the types of linkage that join monomers

A

a 1-4 glycosidic bonds
a 1-6 glycosidic bonds

58
Q

amylose

A

unbranched glucose monomers in a 1-4 glycosidic bonds

59
Q

amylopectin

A

branched glucose monomers in a 1-4 and a 1-6 glycosidic bonds

60
Q

lipids

A

are a diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons

61
Q

lipids functions

A

long term energy stores.
provide insulation for plants and animals.
building for blocks for some hormones.
important component of cellular membranes.

62
Q

types of lipids

A

fats, oils, wasxes, phospholipids, steroids

63
Q

triacylglycerol

A

fromed by joing three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone

64
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

pack tightly and exist as solids at room temp (butter)

65
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

liquid at room temp (oil)

66
Q

cis configuration

A

hydrogen on same side of chain

67
Q

trans configuration

A

hydrogen on opposite side of chain

68
Q

proteins

A

most abundant organic molecules

69
Q

proteins functions

A

regulatory, protective, and structural functions, transport, enzymes, toxins

70
Q

catabolic enzymes

A

breakdown substrates

71
Q

anabolic enzymes

A

build more complex molecules

72
Q

catalytic enzymes

A

affect the rate of reaction

73
Q

digestive enzymes

A

Help in the digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units (ex. Amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin)

74
Q

transport enzymes

A

Carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body (ex. hemoglobin, albumin)

75
Q

structural enzymes

A

construct different structures like the cytoskeleton (ex. actin, tubulin, keratin)

76
Q

hormone proteins

A

Coordinate the activity of different body systems (ex. insulin, thyroxine)

77
Q

defense proteins

A

Protect the body from foreign pathogens (ex. immunoglobulins)

78
Q

contractile proteins

A

effect muscle contraction (ex. actin, myosin)

79
Q

storage proteins

A

provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seedling (ex. legme storage proteins, egg whites (albumin))

80
Q

primary structure protein

A

sequence of a chain of amino acids

81
Q

secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

82
Q

tertiary protein structre

A

3D folding pattern of a protien due to side chanin interactions

83
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

84
Q

location of nucleic acids

A

nucleus of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria,chloroplast, prokaryotic cells

85
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and histone proteins

86
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike stuctures containing tightly wound and packed chromatin

87
Q

DNA function

A

carries genetic information

88
Q

RNA function

A

involved in protein synthesis

89
Q

DNA location

A

remains in the nucleus

90
Q

RNA location

A

leaves the nucleus

91
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix

92
Q

RNA structure

A

single stranded

93
Q

DNA sugar

A

deoxyribose

94
Q

RNA sugar

A

ribose

95
Q

DNA pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine

96
Q

RNA pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil

97
Q

DNA purines

A

adenine, guanine

98
Q

RNA purines

A

adenine, guanine

cell and molecular bio mod 1 (1 decks)

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