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MOCKS BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all living things made out of?

A

They are made out of cells

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2
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells?

A

They are smaller and simpler (E.g bacteria)

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3
Q

What are two things cells can be?

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

They are complex and include all animal and plant cells, they are also organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A Prokaryotic cell

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6
Q

What do Animal cells have?

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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7
Q

What do plant cells have?

A 
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Rigid cell wall
Permanent Vacuole 
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
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8
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

A

Rigid cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplast

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9
Q

What do animal cells have that plant cells dont have?

A
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10
Q

What is a nucleus and what is it’s function?

A

The nucleus contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what is it’s function?

A

The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen, it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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12
Q

What is Mitochondria and what is it’s function?

A

Mitochondria is where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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13
Q

What is cell membrane and what is it’s function?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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14
Q

What is Ribosomes and what is it’s function?

A

These are where proteins are made in the cell

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15
Q

What is Rigid cell wall and what is it’s function?

A

Made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it

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16
Q

What is a Permanent vacuole and what is it’s function?

A

Contains cell sap, (weak solution of sugar and salts) it helps keep the cell firm

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17
Q

What is chloroplasts and what is it’s function?

A

This is where photosynthesis takes place, it makes food for the plant; it contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is the equation/formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = imagine size / real size

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19
Q

How do you convert micrometres to millimetres?

A

Divide by 1000

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20
Q

What do microscopes let us see?

A

Things that we cannot see with the naked eye

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21
Q

Light microscopes

A

Use light and lenses, forms image of specimen and magnifies it, can see individual cells and large subcellular structures

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22
Q

Electron microscopes

A

use electrons instead of light to form an image

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23
Q

Difference between light and electron microscopes

A

Electron microscopes have higher magnification and higher resolutionn

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24
Q

Difference between light and electron microscopes

A

Electron microscopes have higher magnification and higher resolutionn

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25
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two points so a higher resolution gives a sharper image

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26
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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27
Q

What happens as a cell changes

A

Develops different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells, allows them to carry out SPECIFIC functions

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28
Q

What do cells do to become specialised?

A

They differentiate and develop different subcellular structures and turn into different type of cells.

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29
Q

What are cells that differentiate in mature animals used for?

A

They are used for repairing and replacing cells such as skin or blood cells.

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30
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

They are called stem cells

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31
Q

What are sperm cells specialised to do and what is their function?

A

Sperm cells are specialised for reproduction and their function is to get the male DNA to the female DNA

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32
Q

What are the adaptations for a sperm cell?

A
  • long tail and streamlined head to help swim to the egg
  • lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy needed
  • carries enzymes in the head to digest through the egg cell membrane
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33
Q

What are nerve cells specialised to do and what is their function?

A

Nerve cells are specialised for rapid signalling and their function is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

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34
Q

What are the adaptations for a nerve cell?

A
  • long to cover more distance

- long to have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body

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35
Q

What are muscle cells specialised to do and what is their function?

A

Muscle cells are specialised for contraction and their function is to contract quickly

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36
Q

What are the adaptations for muscle cells?

A
  • these cells are long so they have space to contract

- contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed to contract

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37
Q

What are root hair cells specialised to do and what is their function?

A

Root hair cells are specialised for absorbing minerals and water and their function is to actively transports mineral salts into the cell.

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38
Q

What are the adaptations for root hair cells?

A
  • long hairs that stick out in the soil to give the plant a big surface area
  • big surface area for absorbing water and minerals from the soil
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39
Q

What are phloem and xylem cells specialised to do and what is their function?

A

Phloem and xylem cells are specialised for transporting substances.

function for phloem - carry food downward from the leaves to the roots.

function for xylem - distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves

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40
Q

adaptations for xylem and phloem cells

A

xylem - hollow in centre so that stuff can flow through it

phloem - hollow in the centre so that stuff can flow through it

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41
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genetic material

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42
Q

What are chromosomes and where are they found?

A

chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules and are found in the nucleus

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43
Q

How many copies of chromosomes do body cells have?

A

They have two copies of each chromosomes, on from the mother and one from the father

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44
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides

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45
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis?

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

46
Q

What happens in the end of the cell cycle?

A

it results in two new cells identical to the original cell with the same number of chromosomes

47
Q

What are the main two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth and DNA replication

Mitosis

48
Q

What can undifferentiated cells (stem cells) do?

A

Stem cells can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells

49
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In early human embryos

also found in adults but in certain places like bone marrow

50
Q

What can stem cells be used for (bone marrow)

A

It can be used for medicine or ressearch

51
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Cure many diseases

- stem cells transferred from bone marrow of a healthy person can REPLACE FAULTY CELLS in the patient who receives them

52
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

can also be used to replace faulty cells
can make insulin-producing cells
nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries

53
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

they feel human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as it is potential human life

54
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

55
Q

What happens if there is a bigger concentration gradient (the difference in concentration) ?

A

The diffusion rate is faster

56
Q

what happens if there is a high temperature during diffusion?

A

Also gives a faster diffusion rate because the particles have more energy so they move around faster

57
Q

What happens to the particles in diffusion if there is a larger surface area?

A

There is a faster diffusion rate because more particles pass through at once

58
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

59
Q

What do water molecules do in osmosis?

A

they pass both ways through the partially permeable membrane because water molecules move about randomly

60
Q

What happens when there is more water molecules on one side than the other?

A

There is a steady net flow of water into the region with fewer water molecules (into the stronger sugar solution)

61
Q

What happens to the strong sugar during osmosis?

A

It gets more dilute, the water acts like its trying to “even up” the concentration either side of the membrane

62
Q

What does active transport allow a plant to do?

A

It allows a plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution, against a concentration gradient,

63
Q

What does active transport need in order to work?

A

Active transport needs energy from respiration in order to work

64
Q

How does active transport happen in humans?

A

taking glucose from the gut and from the kidney tubules

65
Q

When is active transport used in the gut?

A

When there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood

66
Q

What happens when there is a higher concentration of glucose ad amino acids in the gut?

A

They diffuse naturally into the blood.

67
Q

What does active transport allow inside the human gut

A

It allows nutrients to be taken into the blood

68
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things

69
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They reduce the need for high temperatures and we only have enzymes to speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body

70
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance which INCREASES the speed of a reaction WITHOUT being CHANGED or USED UP in the reaction

71
Q

Why do enzymes have special shapes?

A

To catalyse reactions

72
Q

Why do enzymes have active sites with unique shapes?

A

For the enzyme to work, the substance has to fit into its active site. If the substance doesnt match the enzyme’s active site then the reaction won’t be catalysed

73
Q

What does changing the temperature do to an enzyme-catalysed reaction?

A

It changes the rate of the reaction

74
Q

What happens to the bonds holding the enzyme together if the temperature gets too high?

A

They start to break which changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site so the substrate wont fit anymore

75
Q

What causes an enzyme to be denatured?

A

The active site changes so the substrate won’t fit in the enzyme’s active site

76
Q

How does the pH affect enzymes?

A

If the pH is too high or too low it also affects the bonds holding the enzyme together which changes the shape of the active site which then denatures the enzyme

77
Q

How do you calculate rate?

A

rate = 1000 / time

78
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

It breaks down starch, proteins and fats into smaller soluble molecules that can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system and allowing them to be absorbed by the bloodstream

79
Q

What are the examples of some of the smaller soluble molecules in the digestive system?

A

Sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids

80
Q

What does carbohydrase do to carbohydrates?

A

it converts carbohydrates into simple sugars

81
Q

Where are the 3 places amylase is made?

A
  1. The salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. small intestine
82
Q

What does proteases do?

A

They convert protein into amino acids

83
Q

Where are the 3 places protease is made?

A
  1. stomach
  2. pancreas
  3. small intestine
84
Q

what do lipases do?

A

It converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

85
Q

what are the 2 places lipases are made?

A
  1. pancreas

2. small intestine

86
Q

Where is bile produced and where is it stored

A

It is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine

87
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

88
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

produce amylase and enzyme in the saliva

89
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Bile is produced

90
Q

What happens in the gall bladder?

A

where bile is stored before it is released into the small intestine

91
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food

92
Q

What happens in the stomach

A

pummels food with the muscular walls

produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and to give the right pH for protease enzyme to work

produces the protease, enzyme and pepsin

93
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood

94
Q

what are some advantages of statins

A

reduce the risk of strokes by reducing the amount of bad cholesterol

may also help prevent other diseases

95
Q

what are some disadvantages of statins?

A

long term drug that must be taken regularly

negative side affects like headaches and kidney failure, liver damage

96
Q

what is cancer caused by?

A

caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division

97
Q

what are the two types of tumours?

A

benign and malignant

98
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

where the tumour grows until there is no more room and stays in one place, this s not normally dangerous and isnt cancerous

99
Q

what is a malignant tumour

A

tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues, cells can break off and invade healthy tissues and form secondary tumours, this is dangerous and fatal, they are cancers

100
Q

what is the function of epidermal tissue?

A

they are covered with a waxy cuticle that help to reduce water loss by evaporation

101
Q

what is the function of the upper epidermis

A

it is transparent so light can pass through it to the palisade layer

102
Q

what is the function of the palisade layer?

A

has lots of chloroplasts this means they’re near the top of the leaf so they get more light

103
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and plants and cause disease

104
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

kill bacteria but do not destroy viruses

105
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water ——> (light) glucose + oxygen

106
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

107
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

uses energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

108
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes in every cell

109
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen ———-> carbon dioxide + water

110
Q

symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———–> 6CO2 + 6H20

111
Q

explain how the CNS responds to negative feedback

A

receptor detects stimulus , coordenation cente receives and process the info, effector produces a response to change and restore optimum level

Biology (1 decks)

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