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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a eukaryotes

A

complex organisms made of eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single celled basic bacteria organisms

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3
Q

what is in animals cells

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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4
Q

what is nucleus

A

contains genetic info and controls cells activity

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5
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

gel like subsustance contains enzymes that control chemical reactions that happen there

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6
Q

what is cell membrane

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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7
Q

what is mitochondria

A

where most aerobic respiration reactions occur

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8
Q

what are ribosomes

A

where proteins are made

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9
Q

what do plant cells have that animals do not

A

cell wall, permenant vacuole, chloroplasts

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10
Q

what is cell wall

A

rigid structure made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

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11
Q

what is permenant vacuole

A

contains cell sap

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12
Q

what is chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll that absorb light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

what do prokaryotes have

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, circular strand of dna

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14
Q

what is a plasmid

A

small dna ring

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15
Q

magnification equation

A

image size/real size

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16
Q

when do animal cells differentiate

A

at start of life and not again once dufferentiated

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17
Q

what are chromosones

A

long lengths if dna that carry genes found in nucleus

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18
Q

process of cell division

A

1.cell grows
2.dna duplicates so there is one copy of each chromosone for the new cells
3.chromosones line up in centre if cell and are pulled apart.
4.cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
5.2 genetically identical daughter cells are made

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19
Q

how many times does a body cell divide in mitosis

A

1

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20
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can form different types of cell when needed. e.g for growth or for replacing damaged cells

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21
Q

what is a con about adult stem cells

A

they cannot turn into ANY cell only a few

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22
Q

what is theraputic cloning

A

a cell is made to match the patients genetic info

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23
Q

theraputic cloning steps

A

nucleus removed from egg cell
nucleus from body cell put into stem cell
egg cell divides by mitosis forming and embryo containing stem cells

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24
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of high conc to low and is passive

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25
Q

what is rate of diffusion effected by

A

conc gradient(steeper is faster)
temp(higher is faster)
surface area(larger is faster)

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26
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water across a partially permiable membrane from an area of high conc to low conc

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27
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of ions from an area of low to high conc

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28
Q

how to find surface area to volume ratio

A

find volume
find surface area
divide them together to get x
put in ratio x:1

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29
Q

what are the things done to better an exchange surface

A

thin membrane= short diffusion distance
large surface area

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30
Q

alveoli adaptions

A

enormous surface area
moist lining = dissolving
thin walls
good blood supply

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31
Q

villus adaptions

A

single layer of surface cells
good bloody suply

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32
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of similiar cells that work together to do a function

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33
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to do a function

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34
Q

where is bile made

A

liver

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35
Q

basic cardiac cycle

A

deox blood. vena cava, right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs. ox blood. lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, ventricle, aorta, body

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36
Q

what are arteries job
and adaptions

A

carry blood away from heart to the organs
strong and elastic due to high pressure blood

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37
Q

what are cappilleries job
and adaptions

A

carry blood very close to each cell to exchange materials
one cell thick, permiable walls

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38
Q

what are veins job
and adaptions

A

carry blood to heart
valves
big lumen even though blood is low pressure

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39
Q

what are red blood cells job
and adaptions

A

transport oxygen around the body
biconcave and no nucleus

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40
Q

what are white blood cells job
and adaptions

A

defend cells from patheogens
can engulf patheogens
produce antitoxins and antibodies

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41
Q

what are platelets job

A

small fragments of cells to help blood clot

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42
Q

what are plasmas job

A

carries red blood cells, nutrients, co2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxing

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43
Q

what does the upper epidermis do

A

transparent to let light through

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44
Q

what does palisade mesophyll do

A

contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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45
Q

what does spongy mesophyll do

A

air gaps for gaseous exchanhe

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46
Q

what does phloem transport

A

food cell sap

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47
Q

what does xylem transport

A

water

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48
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

movement of water through a plant from roots to leaves
1)water inside leaf evaporates and diffuses out leaf
2)creates a sligh water shortage so water is drawn up bu tje xylem
3) turns into a constant transpiration stream

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49
Q

factors effecting transpiration rate

A

light intensity, temp, air flow, humidity

50
Q

what is a guard cell when the stomata is opened and closed

A

opened is turgid closed is flaccid

51
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

ones that spread person to person e.g malaria

52
Q

what are non communicable

A

cannot spread e.g cancer

53
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

heart or blood vessels being blocked bu layers of fatty material

54
Q

what do stents do

A

wire mesh tubes that keep coronary arteries open

55
Q

stent advantage
disadvantage

A

effective for long
infection

56
Q

what are statins

A

drugs to reduce too much cholesterol which causes fatty deposits

57
Q

statin advantage
disadvantage

A

reduce risks of strokes
have to take drug long term

58
Q

artificial heart advantage
disadvantage

A

less likely to be rejected by immune system
short term

59
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

is not cancerous and cannot spread

60
Q

what is a malignent tumour

A

cancerous and spread to healthy tissue

61
Q

what are enzymes

A

large proteins

62
Q

what happens to an enzyme reaction if temp increases

A

it increases untill it gets too hot and denatures

63
Q

what happens to enzyme reaction if ph increased

A

if too high or low it becomes denatured

64
Q

rate of reaction equation

A

1000/time

65
Q

how is food broken down

A

mechanical digestion
chemicals digestion

66
Q

what do digestive enzymes do

A

break down big molecules to small so they can pass through digestive system

67
Q

what does amalyse break down

A

startch

68
Q

what does protease break down

A

proteins into amino acids

69
Q

what do lipases break down

A

lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

70
Q

where is bile made, stored and released

A

made in liver, stored in gall bladder , released in small intestine

71
Q

what does bile do

A

emulsifies fat and neutralises the stomach acid as it is alkaline

72
Q

how to test for sugar

A

add benedict will change blue to green to red

73
Q

how to test for startch

A

add iodine turns black

74
Q

how to test for protein

A

add biuret and shake tube should turn purple

75
Q

how to test for lipids

A

add sudan stain and there should be 2 layers forming top one being red

76
Q

what are patheogens

A

microorganisims that enter body and cause communicable disease

77
Q

what do bacteria do

A

reproduce rapidly in body and produce toxins that damage cells and tissues

78
Q

what do viruses do

A

invade cells and reproduce rapidly and replicate to burst the cell to release the new viruses

79
Q

what do protists do

A

live on or inside organisms and spread via vectors

80
Q

what is a vector

A

an organism which carries a disease but does not get it

81
Q

how are patheogens spread

A

water
air
direct contaxt

82
Q

how to prevent disease spread

A

hygeine
destrying vetors
isolation
vaccine

83
Q

what are the bodies defences

A

skins=barrier+secrete antimicrobal
hairs nose =trap
trachea mucus=trap
HCL=destroys patheogens

84
Q

vaccine pros
cond

A

herd vaccinations
bad reaction

85
Q

how does bacteria resistance occur

A

a vaccine is given and some bacteria survive this means only the non resistant strain is destroyed. The resistant gene in the bacteria is carried on when they reproduce

86
Q

stages of drug testing

A
87
Q

are clinical trials blind

A

yes

88
Q

what is nitrate and magnesium deficiency do to a plant

A

nitrates produce protein for growth=stunted growth
magnesium make chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis=chlorosis yellow leaves

89
Q

physical chemical and mechanical plant defence examples

A

phys= layer of dead cells on stems
chem=poisons e.g foxgloves
mech=thorns

90
Q

photosynthesis word equation

A

co2+h2o —> glucose+o2

91
Q

photosynthesis symbol equation

A

6co2+6h2o—>c6h12o6+6o2

92
Q

what is glucose used for in plants

A

respiration
making cellulose-strength
making amino acids-protein

93
Q

how does a plant store glucose

A

lipids convert =seeds
startch convert-roots

94
Q

what are photosunthesis limiting factors

A

light intensity
co2 level
temperature

95
Q

what is the rate of photosynthesis practicals independent and dependent variable

A

independent is light intensity
dependent is amount of oxygen produced

96
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

97
Q

what is aerobic respiration and the word equation

A

respiration with oxygen
glucose+o2–>co2+h2o

98
Q

how do organisms use respiration energy

A

1)build up larger molecules from smaller
2)muscle contractions
3)steady body temperature

99
Q

what is anareobic respiration and the word equation

A

the incomplete breakfown of glucose to lactic acid without oxygen so the glucose is not fully oxidised
glucose—–>lactic acid

100
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

amount of extra oxygen needed by the body after excercise to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells

101
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants word equation

A

glucose—>ethanol+co2

102
Q

what does physical activity do

A

1)increase breathing rate so more oxygen
2)increase heart rate so blood flows quicker so more oxygen is delivered to cells

103
Q

what happens in anaerobix recovery period

A

oxygen debt is present so heart and breathing rage stay high whilst oxygen debt is paid back

104
Q

what is homeostasis

A

regulation of conditions inside your body and cells to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes in both internal and external conditions

105
Q

what are the 3 main components in automatic control systems

A

receptors coordination centres and effectors

106
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in the environment you might need to respond to

107
Q

describe what happens when when a stimulus is noticed

A

receptors detect stimulus when the level of something (e.g water) is too high or low. They send this information to the coordination centre whicj proceses the info and organises a response to the effectors. The effectors respond to counteract the change and brong the level back to its optimum

108
Q

what happens in the central nervous system

A

all info from receptors is sent and a reflex is coordinated

109
Q

what are effectors and what do they do

A

they are muscles or glands and instructions from the cns are sent down neurons to them so they bring out a response to a stimulus

110
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

carry info as electrical impulses from receptors in sense organs to cns

111
Q

what are relay neurons

A

carry electrical impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons, found in cns

112
Q

what are motor neurons

A

neurons that carry electrical impulses from cns to effector

112
Q

what is a synapse

A

the connection between two neurons

113
Q

what do synapses do to the transmission

A

slow it down as chemicals diffuse across the gap

114
Q

what are reflexes

A

fast automatic responses to stimuli

115
Q

5 steps of reflex arcs

A

1)receptor detect stimulus. Impulses go to sensory neuron then relay
2)impulses reach synapse and release chemical. Chemical diffuses across gap and to relay neuron
3)impulses reach synapse chemicals released diffuse to motor neuron
4)impulses go to effector
5)reaction happens

116
Q

what are hormones and where are they produced

A

chemical messengers which travel through the blood to activate target cells and produced in endocrine glands

117
Q

examples if endocrine glands

A

pituatry-master gland as act on other glands
pancreas-produces insulin regulates blood glucose
thyroid-produces thyroxine regulates heart rate
adrenal-produce adrenaline

118
Q

3 differences between nerves and hormones

A

nerves are faster
hormones act lonher
nerves act on previse areay

119
Q

processed of insulin in pancreas after eating

A

carbohydrates are eaten=blood glucose rises and rises is detected by pancreas. Pancreas produces insulin into the blood. insulin makes cells take in more blood glucose. Cells in liver and muslces store this as glycogen. Blood glucose level lowers.

120
Q

type 1 diabetes controls (3 things and brief explanations)

A

1)insulin therapy- insulin injected so glucose is removed from blood stops levels getting too high
2)
limit intake
3)excecise-lower blood glucose increased metabolism

121
Q

controlling type 2 diabetes (2 point and brief explanation)

A

Biology mocks (1 decks)

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