mock SBA Flashcards
Wilson’s disease is a type of genetic disorder affecting the active transport in the body. What is the Na+/K+ -ATPase an example of? A. Primary active transport B. Secondary active transport C. Tertiary active transport D. Facilitated diffusion E. Simple diffusion
A. Primary active transport
The Na+/K+ ATPase pump use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to move Na+ & K+ against their concentration gradients, this a prime and typical example of primary active transport
What does a diamond represent on a genetic pedigree chart? A. Male B. Female C. Miscarriage D. Undetermined gender E. Deceased
D. Undetermined gender
Proteins often have multiple levels of folding. An alpha helix is an example of what kind of protein structure? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Super-secondary D. Tertiary E. Quaternary
B. Secondary
Alpha helix & beta-pleated sheets are typical examples of secondary protein structures
•Primary protein structure is the order of amino acids
•Super-secondary structures are things like zinc fingers
•Tertiary is the combination of different polypeptide chains
•Quaternary is the combination of different polypeptide chains with prosthetic groups eg. Fe2+ groups in haemoglobin
“A reproductive union between 2 relatives”. For which of the following is this definition for? A. Homozygosity B. Heterozygosity C. Consanguinity D. Polymorphism E. Polyploidy
C. Consanguinity
Consanguinity = a reproductive union between 2 relatives
•Homozygosity = both alleles are the same at a locus
•Heterozygosity = alleles are different at a locus
•Polymorphism = frequent hereditary at a locus, that typically don’t cause disease but can make you more/less susceptible
•Polyploidy = the state in which an organism/cell has more than 2 paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes
What kind of inheritance pattern only affects male offspring? A. Autosomal recessive B. Autosomal dominant C. X-linked recessive D. X-linked dominant E. Mitochondrial
C. X-linked recessive
Males are more susceptible to X-linked recessive disease because they only have 1 X chromosome, so much so that it is very rare for a female to have an X-linked recessive disease; however they can often be carriers of the disease without being affected themselves. A common example is haemophilia.
Some types of chemotherapy inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase. What is the function of topoisomerase?
A. Separate the DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds to expose nucleotide bases
B. Recognises the RNA primers and removes them once DNA synthesis has begun
C. Joins Okazaki fragments together into a continuous strand
D. Unwinds the DNA double by relieving the supercoil
E. Joins adjacent nucleotides together via a phosphodiester bond in a 5’ to 3’ direction
D. Unwinds the DNA double by relieving the supercoil
Topoisomerase unwinds the supercoiling of DNA
•DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between strands
•RNAse H (Ribonuclease H) recognises RNA primers & removes them once DNA synthesis has begun
•DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments in a continuous strand of DNA
•DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together via a phosphodiester bond in a 5’ to 3’ direction
The amount of glucose within a cell has to be closely regulated and controlled. What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis? A. Aldolase B. Enolase C. Pyruvate kinase D. Phosphofructokinase-1 E. Phosphohexose isomerase
D. Phosphofructokinase-1
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is the main rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis. This is very important to remember and is a common question…
Enolase converts which substrate into phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis? A. Fructose 1,6-bisphophate B. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate C. Pyruvate D. 3-phosphoglycerate E. 2-phosphoglycerate
E. 2-phosphoglycerate
You just need to learn the substrate and enzymes of glycolysis to answer this question, you are expected to know it. However, there are many useful mnemonics to help you learn both glycolysis & Krebs’.
Where does the Krebs’ cycle take place? A. In the cytoplasm B. In the cristae of the mitochondrion C. In the matrix of the mitochondrion D. In the nucleus E. In the Golgi apparatus
C. In the matrix of the mitochondrion
Which enzyme is involved in the production of FADH2 in the Krebs’ cycle? A. Succinate dehydrogenase B. Malate dehydrogenase C. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D. Isocitrate dehydrogenase E. Succinyl-CoA synthetase
A. Succinate dehydrogenase
Some cells have very distinctive features that can easily be identified in a histological slide; a perinuclear hof is an example of this. In which cell type are you most likely to find a perinuclear huff? A. Basophil B. Eosinophil C. Plasma cell D. T helper cell E. Megakaryocyte
C. Plasma cell
A plasma cell is the typical cell that a perinuclear huff can be seen in.
Many blood-borne cells have to be regulated to ensure there are adequate amounts present in the blood. What is the regulatory hormone for platelets? A. Human growth hormone B. Oxytocin C. Erythropoietin D. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor E. Thrombopoietin
E. Thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin is the regulatory hormone for platelet production
•Erythropoietin is the regulatory hormone for erythrocytes (RBCs)
•Granulocyte colony stimulating factor is the regulatory hormone for granulocyte (white blood cells eg. basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
Which of the following cell types has a reniform nucleus? A. Neutrophil B. Monocyte C. Basophil D. Eosinophil E. T lymphocyte
B. Monocyte
Monocytes typically have a reniform (kidney bean-shaped) nucleus
•Neutrophils have multi-lobed nuclei
•Eosinophils have a bi-lobed & lozenge-shaped nucleus
•Basophils have bi-lobed nuclei
A woman is brought to A&E by an ambulance following a myocardial infarction. After a series of tests, it is found that her atrioventricular node has suffered an infarction. Which artery is the main supply to the atrioventricular node (AVN)? A. Right marginal artery B. Left marginal artery C. Posterior interventricular artery D. Right coronary artery E. Left coronary artery
C. Posterior interventricular artery
•The posterior interventricular artery (PIA) is the main blood supply to the atrioventricular node (AVN).
•The PIA can vary in its originating artery:
•70% Right coronary artery only
•20% Right & Left coronary arteries
•10% Left coronary artery only
In a foetus, various arteries in the arise as branches of the aortic arches. The maxillary artery arises from which of the aortic arches? A. Arch 1 B. Arch 2 C. Arch 3 D. Arch 4 E. Arch 5
A. Arch 1
Which of the following is NOT a vasodilator? A. Prostacyclin B. ANP C. Angiotensin II D. Bradykinin E. NO
C. Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor (it is in the name, angio= blood vessel, tensin = tense/constrict)
•Prostacyclin, ANP, Bradykinin & NO are all vasodilators
