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Mock Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can radiation do to the cells?

And what does this lead to?

A

Ionise them
Damage them
Kill them

Leads to:
Mutations in DNA
Cancer

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2
Q

What is TPhysical?

A

The time taken for the activity of a radioactive sample to decrease to half of its original value

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3
Q

What is TBiological?

A

The time taken for the half of the radioisotope to be removed from the body by metabolic process e.g. excretion

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4
Q

What is TEffective?

A

The time required to reduce the radioactivity of an internal organ of the whole body to exactly half of its original value due to both TBiological and TPhysical

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5
Q

What can affect Tphysicals half life?

A

Nothing, It is unaffected

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6
Q

What can affect TBiological half life?

A

Many external factors eg. Renal and hepatic function. Hydration. Anything that prevents the body from eliminating isotopes

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7
Q

What effects Teffectives half life?

A

The same factors as Tbio and Tony’s as Teff is dependant.

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8
Q

If a radioactive source is absorbed by the pelvic bone, what effects would it have on TPhysical, TBiological and TEffcetive?

A

TPhysical- Nothing
TBiological- It will stay permanently in pelvic bone until it decays naturally. bones cannot eliminate/ expell isotopes
TEffective- It is extended due to biological half life

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9
Q

When drawing a half life graph how is it drawn?

A

It is like a ski slope.. always touched the Y axis but not the X axis (always touches side axis but not bottom axis)

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10
Q

At what frequency does ultrasound begin?

A

20,000 Hz / 20KHz

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11
Q

How is ultrasound used to get an image of the internal organs?

A

Ultrasonic pulses from a transducer are transmitted into the body. these waves are reflected at the boundaries between biological structures. the reflected wave is received and converted into and electrical signal. The information is then displayed on a monitor

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12
Q

What is the frequency range of ultrasound when used for imaging structures near the surface?

A

High frequency’s (7-18MHz)

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13
Q

What is the frequency range of ultrasound when used for imaging deep structures?

A

Low frequency’s (1-6MHz)

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14
Q

Why do you use low frequency’s when imaging deep structure?

A

Deep structures are measured at low frequency’s(1-6MHz) as it gives greater penetration than high frequency’s. The disadvantage is that fine detail can’t be seen.

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15
Q

What is the equation used to calculate acoustic impedance?

A

Z= PC

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16
Q

What does the Z stand for in acoustic impedance equation?

A

Acoustic impedance (Kgm-2s-1)

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17
Q

What does the P stand for in acoustic impedance equation?

A

Density of material (Kgm-3)

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18
Q

What does the C stand for in acoustic impedance equation?

A

Speed of sound in material (ms-1)

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19
Q

Define and give the units for activity

A

The number of desintegrations per second

The unit- bacquerel (Bq)

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20
Q

Define and give sources of background radiation

A

A measure of the level of ionising radiation present in the environment.
Comes from medical sources, radon gas from rocks, cosmic rays and food

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21
Q

State the properties of X-rays

A
  • X-rays are a form of ionising radiation
  • They have a range of high frequencies
  • They have short wavelengths
  • They can penetrate less dense matter such as skin and tissue but not bone
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22
Q

What is the function of the filament in the X-ray tube?

A

It produces electrons. Electrons are accelerated towards the anode.

23
Q

What is the function of the rotating tungsten target in the X-ray tube?

A

When the electrons strike the tungsten target, X-rays are produces. The target rotates to dissipate heat (spread out)

24
Q

What is the functions of the vacuum in the X-ray tube?

A

This prevents the electrons interacting with the air particles. Allowing them to travel at high speeds.

25
Q

What is the functions of the lead shielding in the X-ray tube?

A

Prevents scattering of X-rays into the surroundings- make sure the X-rays are only escaping the tube in the wanted direction

26
Q

Describe what happens in the X-ray tube to produce X-rays?

A

Electrons produced by heating the filament
Electrons are accelerated towards the tungsten target due to high potential difference
The electrons are able to travel without any interaction with air particles, due to the vacuum in the X-ray tube
They are travelling at a high speed when they strike the rotating tungsten target, producing X-rays
The target rotates to dispute heat

27
Q

State the similarities between X-rays and ct scans

A

Both use X-rays to create an image

Both create shadow images

28
Q

State the differences between X-rays and CT scans

A

CT scans are more expensive
Xray is 2D, CT is 3D
CT scanner rotates, X-ray machine doesn’t
CT takes longer than xray, meaning you get a higher dose of radiation
More detail in CT image

29
Q

State the methods doctors and nurses can use to minimise their exposure to radiation and why?

A

Lead lined apron

Stand behind lead wall to reduce chances of getting Vance and to protect soft tissues

30
Q

State the properties of gamma radiation

A

Gamma has the highest penetrating power

Least ionising power

31
Q

Why is gamma radiation a suitable source for detecting and treating cancer?

A

Due to penetrating power it can penetrate the body and be detected outside the body

32
Q

State the properties of beta radiation

A

Beta is less ionising than alpha

It is also not very penetrating, it can penetrate skin but quickly looses energy

33
Q

Why is beta radiation suitable for detecting and treating cancer?

A

It acts on the site it is placed in without contaminating other parts

34
Q

What is core body temperature?

A

37 degrees

Plus or minus 0.5 degrees

35
Q

Below what temperature is hyperthermia?

A

32 degrees

36
Q

Above what temperature is said to be hyperthermia?

A

38 degrees

37
Q

Below which temperature can we no longer stay alive?

A

25 degrees

38
Q

Above what temperature can we no longer stay alive?

A

43 degrees

39
Q

What is a radioactive tracer?

A

A radioactive tracer is a tracer that is inserted into the body and are used to create and image of inside of the body

40
Q

What radiation is emitted from Technetium-99?

A

Gamma radiation

41
Q

Properties of technetium-99

A

High penetrating power ie can penetrate through the body
Weakly ionising
Short half life (radioactive and biological)

42
Q

Advantages of Technetium-99

A

Can be incorporated into a range biological active substances
No discomfort to the patient (other than injection)
No need got surgery- less invasive
Shows metabolic / organ activity / body functions
It becomes part of the function in the body so shows if the organ is working correctly

43
Q

Risks to patient of Technetium-99

A

Low risk
Similar radiation dose to a X-ray
Short radioactive half life (means it decays rapidly)
Short biological half life which means the body will get rid of it quickly
However there is a risk of cell damage/ cancer

44
Q

What are the precautions needed for technetium-99?

A

Need to avoid other people for a short time afterwards, especially Ill people, pregnant woman and children

45
Q

How do u use a mercury in glass thermometer?

A

Place under tongue, arm, rectal

Read temp off scale

46
Q

Advantages to a mercury in glass thermometer

A 
Can be put in mouth, under arm and in the rectum
Convenient 
Portable
Cheap
Rectum gives the best reading
47
Q

Limitations to the mercury in glass thermometer

A

They take a while to react to the temp change
Have to read scale
Have to wait for liquid to travel up tube
Cant use orally after eating or drinking
Not good for children who move a lot

48
Q

How do you use a digital thermometer

A

Sensor under tongue, arm, rectal

Get digital reading

49
Q

Advantages of digital thermometer

A

Easy to read
Temp reading recording automatically
More robust
Very accurate (to 0.05 degrees)

50
Q

Limitations of digital thermometer

A

Need to keep mouth closed so not good for kids

Cant use orally after eating or drinking

51
Q

How do u use an electronic thermometer?

A

Place sensor in ear

Digital reading displayed

52
Q

Advantages of electronic thermometer

A

Fairly accurate temp measurement

53
Q

Limitations of electronic thermometer

A

Ear wax, swelling and infections can interfere with accuracy

Most expensive

Science Mock (1 decks)

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