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History Gcse > Mock Flashcards: First World War > Flashcards

Mock Flashcards: First World War

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1
Q

What is the background to the Moroccan Crisis of 1905

A
  • 1800 agreement guaranteed commercial freedom for Morocco
  • Anglo-French entente cordiale of 1904 conceded French interests in Morocco in acceptance in British Control of Egypt
  • German trading interests with Morocco developed
  • Britain was concerned over a hostile power controlling morocco due to its crucial location allowing Mediterranean access`
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2
Q

Why did Germany arrive in Tangiers to support the independence of the Sultan

A

French missiion to Fez sought to reform morocco under close french supervision

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3
Q

What were the motives of the Kaiser calling an international conference to address Morocco

A
  • challenge entente cordiale
  • seek compensation for French control elsewhere
  • demonstrate German’s power in worldwide politics
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4
Q

What happened to French minister declasse

A

he was forced to resign as a result of German pressure but eventually French agreed to a conference- victory for Germany

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5
Q

What happened at the Algeciras Conference

A
  • Moroccan independence upheld but France gained significant political and financial control over it
  • It was supported by most countries (Uk,Russia,USA and Italy)
  • Germany gained meagre present of commercial freedom guarantee
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6
Q

What were the consequences of the Algeciras Conference

A
  • Entente between France and Britain became even stronger with ‘military conversations’
  • Britain moved to add Russia so triple entente in 1907
  • Weltpolitik showed its limits
  • Germany saw international conferences as a barrier
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7
Q

What led to the Moroccan Crisis of 1911

A

Asked by Sultan, French forces occupied Fez; seen as establishment of French protectorate and went against terms of 1906 Algeciras agreement

Germany sent Panther to Agadir to defend its interests and get compensation

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8
Q

What happened in the Moroccan Crisis of 1911

A
  • Kinderlen sought whole French Congo as compensation
  • Britain challenged this as German presence in Agadir was a threat to their control over the Straits of Gibraltar
  • Lloyd George announced he would support France and put royal navy on alert
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9
Q

What was the result of the Moroccan Crisis of 1911

A
  • accepted compensation in Cameroon
  • Britain committed to deploy BEF in European conflict and naval agreement saw Royal Navy control the Channel and the French Mediterranean
  • Naval race between Britain and Germany continued
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10
Q

what were the developments in the Balkhans pre-Bosnian crisis

A
  • Serbia and Bulgaria wanted pan-Slavism with Russia who wanted success after failure in Russo-Japanese war
  • Austria sought to secure their Slovenian, Croatian and Bosnian land. Relations between Vienna and Serbia led to ‘Pig War’ tariff dispute
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11
Q

What were the agreements made prior to the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

A

Austrian foreign minister and Russian foreign minister agreed for annexation in turn of revision of the Black Sea Straits agreement

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12
Q

What was the Russian response to the annexation

A

Russia condemned and supported Serbia, before having knowledge of their foreign ministers work

Russian Foreign Minister called for international conference and demanded compensation for Serbia

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13
Q

What occurred at the international conference for the Bosnian Crisis

A

A-H agreed to compensate turkey financially, serbia ready to fight with Russian backing
However they had to back down with dual alliance and no support from Britain/France

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14
Q

What were the impacts of the bosnian crisis on serbia russia and bulgaria

A
  • took french loans to invest in rearmament and give support to undermine rule in bosnia e.g. black hand
  • made concerns grow in A-H that serbia would continue to threaten them
  • bulgaria agreed on closer ties w russia and bosnia
  • russia determined not to be undermined
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15
Q

what were the impacts of the bosnian crisis on A-H ,Germany and Italy

A
  • Italy became further alienated from partners

- Germany showed willingness for war and A-H knew it could take action due to germany’s backing

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16
Q

What were the main usage of planes in 1914

A

Reconnaissance as they were slow and prone to crashing, most pilots died after 11 days of flying (1915)
planes spotted gap in german army on the Marne

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17
Q

How did dogfights develop through the war

A
  • pistols and rifles to machine guns that fired between propellers
  • dogfights forced tactics and modifications, gave rise to aces such as Baron Von Richthoven
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18
Q

How were airships used during the war

A
  • slow, cumbersome and full of hydrogen made easy to fire and vulnerable to explosions
  • effective at spotting surface ships and u-boat activity
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19
Q

How did bombing develop with planes

A

1917 Gotha and Handley page developed; gothas attacked London killing over 150 people

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20
Q

Why did the Tsar abdicate

A
  • 15 million large army led to shortages in all industry
  • tsar leading army made him personally responsible
  • February revolution in 1917 abdicated Kaiser and provisional government wanted war to continue
21
Q

Why did russia lead the war

A
  • 1917 offensive by provisional gov was disaster and many soldiers deserted, October Revolution occured and workers state with Lenin in control formed
  • Under Trotsky brest-litovsk treaty made
22
Q

What were the features of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Russia lost 1/4 of population, 75% of its coal/iron seen as a devastating peace but essential for consolidating Bolshevik power

23
Q

What were the immediate impacts of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A
  • plentiful resources for Germany (counter blockade)

- no longer a war on 2 fronts so potential for breakthrough

24
Q

Why was US neutral

A
  • europe didn’t directly affect them
  • immigrant nature meant taking sides would cause tension
  • Took economic advantage of the war
  • Woodrow 1916 promised to keep America out of war
25
Q

Why did US end of joining war

A
  • Sinking of Lusitania in 1915
  • American economy depended on allied victory
  • 1917 Germans decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare and 8 more American ships destroyed
  • Zimmermann Telegram showed Germany plotting to use Mexico to go to war with US
26
Q

What were the impacts of the US entry

A
  • largest economy and manpower fixed russia leaving
  • helped convoy system
  • knowledge of entry boosted morale massively
  • forced Germany to win war before US could fully enter
27
Q

evolution of war at sea

A
  • depth charges and hydrophone tok care of u-boats

- HMS argus aircraft carrier created

28
Q

evolution of aerial conflict

A
  • planes fitted with torpedo’s to attack ships
  • cameras for better reconnaissance and radios
  • dogfights developed
  • as aeroplanes developed, airships became redundant
29
Q

evolution of tanks

A
  • Amiens; 600 tanks used and 32 km advance but most tanks broken down by fifth day of the operation
  • Germans devised anti tank guns and trenches
  • Renault and Whippet 2 man tanks were manoeuvrable and effective
30
Q

evolution of artillery

A
  • explode on contact to destroy wire, delayed fuses or explode at depth
  • creeping barrage perfected; needed perfect communication
  • anti-aircraft guns
  • -stereoscopic range finders for counter battery operations
31
Q

infiltration tactics

A
  • elite troops take out key positions using LMG (lewis gun) and flamethrowers
  • used in great effect at Riga and Caporetto
32
Q

unified command tactic

A
  • response to spring offensive and unified command given to ferdinand foch
  • model was successful in holding off german onslaught in Spring of 1918 and mounting the 100-day offensive from August - November 1918
33
Q

All Arms Conflict tactic

A
  • Made by Monash and Currie included creeping barrage, air support and mutual support of tanks and infantry
  • example is battle of cambrai yet this tactic required co-ordiantion and planning for HUndred Days Offensive
34
Q

Plan for Lundendorff Spring Offensive

A
  • aim was to use stormroopers to make breakthrough at weak point of Arras
  • with hurricane bombardment (1 million shells over 5 hours) then further attacks
35
Q

What was the first 2 weeks of the Spring Offensive like

A
  • first attack killed over 20,000 british, 35,000 wounded and 21,000 taken prisoner. Clear breakthrough (21 march)
  • over next 2 weeks Germans advanced over 60 km and regained somme area and reached the Marne
  • forced decision of unified command under Foch (26 march)
36
Q

What were the reasons for the failure of the Spring Offensive

A
  • Germany had lost 220,000 men by end of April
  • Stormtroopers so successful they had out run their supply lines and infantry too behind to consolidate gains
  • Foch just bided time for US
  • Final push (July 15th) was unsuccessful and came to nothing. German front line was series of dangerously exposed salients now
37
Q

What was the significance of the Spring Offensive

A
  • Germany failed in wining
  • they lost over 500,000 soldiers and no longer had reserves
  • gave allies huge advantage
38
Q

What were the reasons and plan for the Hundred Days Offensive

A
  • Depleted, exhausted german army
  • allies boosted with 50,000 us soldiers monthly
  • British, Imperial and Belgian troops would focus in north. French in centre. US towards the southern sector around Verdun
39
Q

events of Hundred Days Offensive (up till Hindenburg Line)

A
  • 8 August 1918 called ‘Black Day of German Army’ at Amiens 400 tanks led 11 km breakthrough, crucially casualties were much better. 6500 against 30,000
  • albert, noyon and Bapaume fell to the British forces which was greater progress than 1916
40
Q

`events of Hundred Days Offensive (from Hindenburg Line)

A
  • pushed back to Hindenburg line
  • 5th battle of Ypres, in october breakthrough made on Hindenburg line with Britain taking St Quentin Line
  • Germany army forced to do Scorched Earth Tactics; burn bridges, flooding mines and poisoning water while retreating
41
Q

Significance of the 100 Days Offensive

A
  • made it clear Germany lost war

- generals wanted to avoid blame and pass burden of armistice to new government

42
Q

What shortages did the blockade cause

A
  • fertilisers, metals and oil and all of these little resources went to military
  • 1917; real wages couldn’t keep up with inflationary prices of food housing and fuel. ‘turnip winter’ led to malnutrition.
  • rations for butter,cheese,rice,cereals,eggs and lard were only 20% of pre-war
  • By 1917 strikes for peace increased and Reichstag passed vote for a peace resolution by over 60%
  • by 1918 meat ration 12% and 430,000 germans dead from malnutrition
43
Q

What impact did the blockade have politically

A
  • Hindenburg and Ludendorff were ‘silent dictators’ and forced Bethmann-Hollweg to reseign in 1916
44
Q

What led to the Kaiser’s abdication

A
  • kiel mutiny sparked off strike and protest across Germany with Ebert (SPD Leader) becoming new leader
45
Q

What did the Armstice included

A
  • Far from Woodrow Wilson 14 points:
    ceasefire in 6 hours
    evacuate Alsace-Lorraine
    allied troops in Rhineland
    leave colonies and hand over military equipment
    germany would face a future financial settlement
46
Q

What was the stab in the back myths

A

army could’ve fought on but were betrayed by civillian government

47
Q

What role did Haig and Foch play in Germany’s defeat

A
  • lengthened war with naive tactics and wasted lives e.g. walking across somme
  • dealt with critics and won war even with pressure
48
Q

What are the main reasons why the allies achieved victory

A

o The impact of the Naval Blockade on living conditions within Germany and her fighting capacity
o The decision of the USA to enter the war in 1917 on the Allied side
o Miscalculations of the Germans: unrestricted submarine warfare, Ludendorff Offensive and the massive loss of life in 1918
o Russian Revolution inspired Ludendorff to gamble, many within Germany took up the example of the Bolshevik revolutionaries in striking, protesting and setting up Soviets.
o New technology, such as the tank and aeroplanes helped to favour those who were the most innovative
o The collapse of the other Central Powers between September and November 1918, first Bulgaria, then Turkey and finally Austria-Hungary
o The German Revolution which led from the Kiel Mutiny to the overthrow of the Kaiser.

History Gcse (4 decks)

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