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Core A: Hell. > Mock exam... term3 > Flashcards

Mock exam... term3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the characteristics of primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare.

A

Primary healthcare: First point of contact, often through GPs, community nurses, and dentists. Focus on prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of common health conditions.

Secondary healthcare: Specialist services provided by hospital-based consultants, accessed through referrals from primary care. Includes outpatient care, surgical procedures, and diagnostic services.

Tertiary healthcare: Highly specialized services, such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and oncology, often provided in teaching hospitals.

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2
Q

Explain the diversity of employers and organisations within the healthcare sector.

A

The healthcare sector is diverse, consisting of public, private, and voluntary sectors. Public sector organizations include NHS Trusts and government-funded services, private sector includes private hospitals and clinics, while voluntary organizations involve charities such as Macmillan Cancer Support. These organizations provide a range of services from primary care to specialist care.

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3
Q

Identify personal factors that could affect an individual’s access to healthcare services.

A

Personal factors include age, gender, socio-economic status, disabilities, ethnicity, and mental health. Barriers to access include language difficulties, transport issues, financial constraints, and health literacy. For example, elderly individuals may have difficulties accessing services due to mobility issues.

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4
Q

How does technology support the healthcare sector in improving patient care?

A

Technology improves patient care through tools like electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, robotic surgery, and AI-assisted diagnostics. For instance, telemedicine allows remote consultations, benefiting those in rural areas or with mobility challenges. AI can help diagnose diseases more accurately and predict treatment outcomes.

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5
Q

How have technological developments evolved in the healthcare sector?

A

Technological developments began with basic medical tools, such as the stethoscope, and advanced to X-ray imaging and CT scans. In recent years, innovations like robotic surgery, telehealth platforms, and genetic testing have revolutionized the sector. These technologies have led to more efficient, precise, and personalized care.

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6
Q

Discuss potential future developments in the healthcare sector and their impacts.

A

Future developments include genetic medicine, where treatments could be personalized based on a patient’s DNA. AI is expected to advance in areas like predictive diagnostics and patient monitoring. These innovations could result in faster diagnoses, better outcomes, and reduced healthcare costs, but may also raise ethical concerns regarding data privacy and accessibility.

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7
Q

Why is it important to follow national and organisational policies in healthcare?

A

Following policies ensures patient safety, quality of care, and legal compliance. Not adhering to policies can lead to medical errors, legal consequences, and loss of trust in healthcare providers. For example, failure to follow infection control procedures could result in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).

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8
Q

Explain the different methods of funding in the healthcare sector.

A

Healthcare is funded through public funding (e.g., taxation for NHS), private insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. The NHS is funded through general taxation, while private hospitals are funded by private insurance policies or direct patient payment. Voluntary organizations are funded by charitable donations.

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9
Q

What is evidence-based practice and how does it benefit the healthcare sector?

A

Evidence-based practice (EBP) involves integrating the best available research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences into healthcare decisions. It leads to improved patient outcomes, reduces errors, and promotes effective treatments. For example, using evidence-based guidelines for antibiotic prescribing can reduce antimicrobial resistance.

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10
Q

Describe the different types of organizational structures in healthcare and the resulting job roles.

A

Common structures include hierarchical, matrix, and flat systems.

Hierarchical: Clear reporting lines with roles like nurses, doctors, and managers.

Matrix: Teams with shared responsibilities, e.g., multidisciplinary teams working on patient care.

Flat: Few management layers, promoting collaborative roles and flexible job responsibilities.

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11
Q

Explain the importance of job descriptions and person specifications in healthcare.

A

Job descriptions outline responsibilities, duties, and required skills for a role. Person specifications define the qualifications and personal attributes needed. Together, they help recruitment by ensuring that candidates are suited for the role and can provide effective care. For example, a nurse job description will detail clinical responsibilities, while the person specification will highlight necessary nursing qualifications and communication skills.

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12
Q

What are some career pathways within the healthcare sector?

A

Career pathways in healthcare include clinical roles (e.g., nurses, doctors), support roles (e.g., physiotherapists, radiographers), and managerial roles (e.g., healthcare administrators). Progression can be achieved through training, specialist qualifications, and gaining experience in leadership roles. The Institute for Apprenticeships provides frameworks for apprenticeships in various healthcare professions.

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13
Q

How do external factors affect the activities of the healthcare sector?

A

External factors include government policies, economic conditions, social trends, and global health issues. For example, pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) can strain healthcare services, while economic downturns may limit funding for public health initiatives.

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14
Q

What role do public health approaches play in improving population health?

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Public health approaches, such as health promotion, vaccination programs, and screening, aim to reduce health inequalities and prevent diseases. For instance, the NHS vaccination program helps prevent outbreaks of diseases like measles, improving population health.

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15
Q

What types of organizations work in healthcare?

A

NHS Trusts, private hospitals, and charities like Red Cross all provide healthcare services.

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16
Q

What is an example of primary healthcare?

A

Seeing your GP or a nurse for everyday health issues like check-ups or vaccines.

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17
Q

How does telemedicine help patients?

A

Telemedicine allows people to have online appointments with doctors instead of traveling to a clinic.

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18
Q

What is the role of EHRs in healthcare?

A

EHRs (Electronic Health Records) store patient information securely and make it easy for doctors to access medical histories.

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19
Q

How does income affect healthcare access?

A

People with less money might struggle to pay for private care or have trouble accessing health insurance.

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20
Q

What is the current role of AI in healthcare?

A

AI is used to help doctors diagnose diseases, like skin cancer, faster and more accurately.

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21
Q

what is the NHS

A

The National Health Service provides free healthcare funded by taxes in the UK.

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22
Q

What do CCGs stand for?

A

CCGs are Clinical Commissioning Groups. They plan and manage local health services.

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23
Q

what is commissioning in healthcare?

A

Commissioning is the process of planning and agreeing on the health services needed in a community.

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24
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

IVF is In Vitro Fertilisation, a treatment where an egg is fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus.

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25
What is the Third Sector?
The Third Sector includes non-profit organizations, like charities and NGOs, that are neither public nor private.
26
What is judicial healthcare?
Judicial healthcare refers to medical care for people in prison or detention.
27
What is a risk assessment?
A risk assessment evaluates the likelihood of a hazard causing harm to someone.
28
What is a Healthcare Professional (HCP)?
A HCP is someone who cares for the health and well-being of individuals, such as doctors, nurses, and therapists.
29
What is a GP?
A GP (General Practitioner) is a doctor who provides primary care and refers patients to specialists if needed.
30
What is an inpatient?
An inpatient is someone who stays in the hospital for treatment or surgery.
31
What is an outpatient?
An outpatient visits a hospital for treatment but does not stay overnight.
32
What is a hospice?
A hospice provides end-of-life care and emotional support for patients and their families.
33
What is palliative care?
Palliative care focuses on providing comfort and the best quality of life for people with terminal illnesses.
34
What is respite care?
Respite care provides breaks for caregivers while someone else looks after the person being cared for.
35
What does a holistic approach in healthcare mean?
A holistic approach considers the whole person, addressing physical, emotional, and social needs.
36
What is CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy)?
CBT is a therapy that helps change negative thoughts and behaviors to improve mental health.
37
What does a practice nurse do?
A practice nurse works at a GP surgery and provides services like vaccinations, health checks, and diabetes management.
38
What do CAD and CAM stand for?
CAD is Computer-Aided Design, and CAM is Computer-Aided Manufacture—both used in creating prosthetics.
39
What are prosthetics?
Prosthetics are artificial replacements for missing body parts, like arms or legs.
40
What is an incision?
An incision is a cut made during surgery to access tissues inside the body.
41
What does AI stand for in healthcare?
AI is Artificial Intelligence, used to help with tasks like diagnosis and patient care.
42
What is machine learning in healthcare?
Machine learning uses data to improve the accuracy of diagnoses and decision-making over time.
43
What is an algorithm?
An algorithm is a set of instructions a computer follows to solve a problem or complete a task.
44
Who are radiologists?
Radiologists are doctors who use scans like X-rays and MRIs to diagnose injuries and illnesses.
45
What is triage in healthcare?
Triage is the process of sorting patients by the urgency of their symptoms to determine who gets treated first.
46
What are biomarkers?
Biomarkers are substances in blood or tissue that can show a person's health status or the presence of a disease.
47
What are therapeutics?
Therapeutics are the treatments used to manage symptoms or cure diseases.
48
What is biosecurity?
Biosecurity involves measures to protect against harmful biological threats, like infections or toxins.
49
What is evidence-based practice?
Evidence-based practice uses the best research, data, and clinical expertise to make healthcare decisions.
50
What are ancillary roles?
Ancillary roles support the care sector, such as housekeeping, administration, and drivers.
51
What are caring roles in healthcare?
Caring roles involve directly caring for patients, like nurses, doctors, and therapists.
52
What do management roles in healthcare involve?
Management roles include leading, supervising staff, and ensuring that services are provided efficiently.
53
What is confidentiality in healthcare?
Confidentiality ensures that sensitive patient information is kept private and only shared with authorized personnel.
54
What does manual handling involve?
Manual handling involves safely lifting, moving, or pushing objects or patients to avoid injury.
55
What is whistleblowing?
Whistleblowing is when someone reports wrongdoing within an organization to an external authority, like the Care Quality Commission.
56
What does safeguarding mean in healthcare?
Safeguarding involves protecting patients from abuse and ensuring their well-being.
57
What is legislation?
Legislation is a set of laws that defines the rights and responsibilities of individuals and organizations.
58
What are demographics?
Demographics are the characteristics of a population, like age, gender, or income.
59
What is the purpose of organisational policies and procedures in the health and science sector?
They provide clear rules and guidelines to make sure everyone works safely, ethically, and in a way that meets legal standards.
60
Why is it important to follow quality standards, use quality management, and take part in audits?
It helps maintain high-quality care, identify problems, improve services, and ensure patient safety.
61
What are the key principles of ethical practice in health and science?
Respect for individuals Dignity and confidentiality Honesty and integrity Acting in the best interest of patients
62
Why do professionals follow a code of conduct?
To ensure their behavior is professional, safe, and meets legal and ethical standards of the role.
63
What is the difference between technical, higher technical, and professional roles in health and science?
Technical: Support roles (e.g. Healthcare Assistant) Higher Technical: More skilled, possibly supervisory (e.g. Senior Lab Technician) Professional: Degree-qualified, specialist roles (e.g. Nurse, Radiographer)
64
What are some ways to support your profession in the health and science sector?
Continuing professional development (CPD) Joining a union or professional body Following best practice Sharing knowledge with others
65
What might happen if staff don’t follow policies and procedures?
It can lead to harm, legal action, poor care, or disciplinary action.
66
Give an example of quality management in action.
A hospital checking infection rates monthly to spot problems early and improve care.
67
What are the 4 main ethical principles in healthcare?
Autonomy (respecting choices) Beneficence (do good) Non-maleficence (do no harm) Justice (fair treatment)
68
Who sets codes of conduct for healthcare workers?
Professional bodies, like the NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) or GMC (General Medical Council).
69
Match the role to the level: Healthcare Assistant = ? Operating Department Practitioner = ? Nurse = ?
HCA = Technical ODP = Higher Technical Nurse = Professional
70
How can you help support other professionals in your team?
Mentor new staff Share knowledge Work as a team Follow policies together
71
: What is an example of CPD?
Going on a first aid training course or attending a workshop on new healthcare techniques.
72
What does it mean to act professionally?
Be punctual, respectful, and follow the code of conduct. Communicate clearly and support patients.
73
What are laws (legislation) in health and science?
They are legal rules that outline the rights and entitlements of individuals and must be followed by organisations and professionals.
74
What does safeguarding mean in healthcare?
Protecting a person’s health, wellbeing, and human rights, helping them stay safe from harm, abuse, or neglect.
75
What is an employer contract?
A legal agreement between the employer and employee. It sets out what each side must do, like hours, pay, and responsibilities.
76
What is an intranet used for in a healthcare setting?
A private internal network used by staff to share information, communicate, or collaborate securely within the organisation.
77
What is a grievance at work?
A concern, problem, or complaint an employee raises about things like treatment, pay, workload, or workplace conditions.
78
What do employment tribunals do?
They handle legal cases from employees who believe they’ve been treated unfairly or unlawfully by their employer.
79
What are the principles of good practice in scientific and clinical settings?
Good practice includes working accurately, maintaining hygiene, following procedures, using equipment safely, recording data correctly, and respecting confidentiality
80
What is an SOP?
An SOP, or Standard Operating Procedure, is a document that provides step-by-step instructions on how to carry out specific tasks safely and correctly.
81
Why is it important for everyone to follow SOPs?
It is important for everyone to follow SOPs to ensure consistency, reduce the risk of mistakes, protect patient and staff safety, and meet legal and professional standards.
82
How do you access SOPs for a given activity?
SOPs can usually be accessed through the organisation’s intranet, policy folders, or by asking a supervisor or senior staff member.
83
What could happen if work areas are not cleaned or prepared properly?
: If work areas are not cleaned or prepared properly, there is an increased risk of infection, contamination of samples, and unsafe working conditions.
84
What are the potential impacts of not maintaining or cleaning equipment?
Not maintaining or cleaning equipment can lead to equipment failure, inaccurate results, delays in care, and increased safety risks for staff and patients.
85
Why is it important to calibrate and test equipment?
Calibrating and testing equipment is important to ensure it is accurate, reliable, and safe to use, which helps prevent errors in diagnosis or treatment.
86
How should concerns be escalated if equipment is not fit for use?
Concerns should be reported immediately to a supervisor, logged through the workplace reporting system, and the equipment should not be used until checked.
87
Why is it important to order and manage stock?
it is important to order and manage stock to make sure essential items are available, avoid delays in care, reduce waste, and control costs.
88
What are the consequences of incorrectly storing products or equipment?
Incorrect storage can lead to items becoming contaminated, damaged, or expired, which can risk patient safety and lead to financial loss or legal consequences.
89
What does accuracy mean in a scientific or clinical setting?
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or actual value.
90
What does it mean if a result is precise?
A precise result means that measurements are close to each other, but they may not be accurate or close to the true value.
91
What is calibration?
Calibration is the process of comparing measurements made by equipment to a reference standard, to check if the equipment is giving correct results.
92
What is a reference standard?
A reference standard is an object or substance of known value (such as size, mass, or concentration) used to calibrate equipment or methods.
93
What are consumables in a scientific or clinical setting?
Consumables are items that are used once and then disposed of, such as gloves, syringes, or test strips, although some may be reused if appropriate.
94
What are materials in scientific or clinical work?
Materials are ingredients or components used in the manufacturing or preparation of a product, such as chemicals, metals, or fabrics.
95
How has the approach to healthcare changed to support a person's health, comfort and wellbeing?
Healthcare has shifted towards a more person-centred, preventative, and holistic approach, focusing on maintaining wellbeing and supporting the whole person, not just treating illness.
96
Healthcare has shifted towards a more person-centred, preventative, and holistic approach, focusing on maintaining wellbeing and supporting the whole person, not just treating illness.
Signs include changes in facial expression, vital signs, mood, appetite, mobility, or confusion. Individuals may also verbally report symptoms.
97
How can person-centred care support nutrition, hydration and wellbeing?
By offering individual food and drink preferences, monitoring intake, and encouraging regular meals and fluids, care staff help prevent dehydration, malnutrition, and related health issues.
98
What is the prevention agenda and its purpose?
The prevention agenda focuses on preventing illness before it happens through healthy lifestyles, early intervention, and education to promote long-term wellbeing.
99
How is health promotion used to support the prevention agenda?
Health promotion encourages people to make positive lifestyle choices through campaigns, education, and community programmes, reducing illness and supporting overall wellbeing.
100
What is the MECC initiative and what risk factors does it target?
Making Every Contact Count (MECC) encourages health professionals to give brief advice during everyday interactions to address smoking, alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise, and mental health issues.
101
How do lifestyle choices impact health and wellbeing?
Choices such as smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, sleep, and diet have a direct effect on a person’s physical and mental health, either promoting or damaging wellbeing.
102
What are some methods of taking a holistic approach to healthcare?
A holistic approach includes addressing physical, emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual needs, such as through counselling, social support, or mindfulness alongside clinical care.
103
What is the purpose of signposting individuals to services or interventions?
Signposting helps people access the right support, such as mental health services, nutrition advice, or community groups, which can improve their overall health and wellbeing.
104
What impact does the ageing process have on health and wellbeing?
Ageing can lead to reduced mobility, chronic conditions, sensory decline, and social isolation, which can affect both physical and emotional wellbeing.
105
How do care requirements change across life stages?
Infants need constant support, children need developmental care, adults may need lifestyle management, and older people may require mobility aids, personal care, or end-of-life support.
106
How can individuals be supported to care for themselves at different life stages?
Support can include education, health checks, lifestyle coaching, or mobility aids, empowering individuals to take control of their own health as their needs change.
107
What does disposition mean in health and wellbeing?
Disposition is a person’s usual way of feeling or behaving, which can affect how they respond to care or treatment.
108
What is hypoglycaemia?
Hypoglycaemia is when the blood glucose level drops below the normal range, which can cause symptoms like dizziness, sweating, confusion, and fainting.
109
What is a contraindication in healthcare?
A contraindication is when a medication or treatment should not be used because it could cause harm to the patient.
110
What is signposting in healthcare?
Signposting means recommending or providing contact details for additional resources, services or support networks that can help the individual.
111
What are macronutrients?
Macronutrients are the nutrients needed in large amounts by the body to provide energy—these include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
112
What are micronutrients?
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that the body needs in very small amounts for proper growth and development, like vitamins A–K and minerals like iron, calcium, and zinc.
113
What are deficiency diseases?
Deficiency diseases are health conditions caused by a long-term lack of specific vitamins or minerals, such as rickets (vitamin D deficiency) or scurvy (vitamin C deficiency).
114
What is anaemia?
Anaemia is a condition where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
115
What does sedentary mean?
Sedentary means spending long periods sitting or inactive, which can increase the risk of poor health like heart disease or obesity.
116
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by alcohol misuse or viral infections like hepatitis A, B, or C.

Core A: Hell. (3 decks)

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