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Cognitive Neuroscience > Mock Exam > Flashcards

Mock Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What do proponents of dualism believe?
- Every brain structure occurs in both hemispheres of the brain.
- We have two hemispheres because we have two eyes.
- The mind is separable from the brain.
- The body is relevant for understanding the mind.

A

The mind is separable from the brain.

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2
Q

What is the res cogitans?
- the brain in the theory of Galen
- the general-purpose theory of cognition
- the mind in the theory of Descartes
- the anterior region of the pineal gland

A

the mind in the theory of Descartes

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3
Q

What did Franz Joseph Gall propose?
- Mental processes can be subdivided into acquired faculties.
- The brain operates holistically.
- Mental capacities can be inferred from the volume of the brain.
- Individual mental abilities can be inferred from the shape of the skull.

A

Individual mental abilities can be inferred from the shape of the skull.

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4
Q

What is the problem of functional brain maps that associate each area with a specific cognitive function?
- Brain maps lack the spatial precision that is required.
- Different regions in the brain have different functions.
- Brain maps are based on non-invasive imaging techniques.
- Cognitive processes are not encoded in a sparse fashion in the brain.

A

Cognitive processes are not encoded in a sparse fashion in the brain.

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5
Q

What is an example of a distal stimulus in vision?
- a light source that projects light with a wavelength between 380 and 750 nm on the retina
- a light source that projects light with a wavelength between 800 and 953 nm on the retina
- an object that is located behind the distal plane
- a TMS pulse that activates the bipolar cells of the retina

A

a light source that projects light with a wavelength between 380 and 750 nm on the retina

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6
Q

Which structure does incoming light not pass on its way to the retina?
- lens
- sclera
- pupil
- cornea

A

sclera

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7
Q

Where are the retinal photoreceptors located?
- in the layers of the retina first hit by the incoming light
- in the layers of the retina last hit by the incoming light
- near the ciliary region of the retina
- near the optic nerve region of the retina

A

in the layers of the retina last hit by the incoming light

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8
Q

Which of these cells cannot be found in the human retina?
- ganglion cells
- amacrine cells
- bipolar cells
- Purkinje cells

A

Purkinje cells

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9
Q

What is the Purkinje shift?
- the shift of perceived color hue between mesopic and scotopic vision
- the shift in perceived color brightness between photopic and scotopic vision
- the shift in perceived color when light is reflected from a Purkinje surface
- the shift of perceived color saturation between peripheral and central vision

A

the shift in perceived color brightness between photopic and scotopic vision

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10
Q

What is true about the human fovea?
- The foveal representation in the retina has only rods.
- The foveal representation in the retina has neither rods nor cones.
- The foveal representation in the retina has rods and cones.
- The foveal representation in the retina has only cones.

A

The foveal representation in the retina has only cones.

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11
Q

Why is the retinal density of S-cones lower than that of M-cones and L-cones?
- The retinal image of long-wavelength light is blurred.
- The retinal image of short-wavelength light is blurred.
- The retinal image of long-wavelength light is not blurred.
- The retinal image of medium-wavelength light is blurred.

A

The retinal image of short-wavelength light is blurred.

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12
Q

What is the receptive field of a neuron in the visual system?
- the region of the visual field where a person is currently directing their gaze
- the region in the retina from which a visual neuron receives information
- the region of the retina where a visual stimulus directly increases the spike rate of a neuron
- the region of the visual field where changes in a visual stimulus directly change the spike rate of a neuron

A

the region of the visual field where changes in a visual stimulus directly change the spike rate of a neuron

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13
Q

What is a Mexican hat filter?
- a model of cells in primary visual cortex that consists of a multiplication of a Gaussian with a sinusoid.
- a model of cells in primary visual cortex that consists of a multiplication of a sinusoid with a Gaussian.
- a model of cells in object-selective cortex that process body clothing
- a model of retinal ganglion cells that consists of excitatory and inhibitory subregions

A

a model of retinal ganglion cells that consists of excitatory and inhibitory subregions
B is the definition of a Gabor filter.

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14
Q

Which network mediates exogenous attention?
- the posterior attention network
- the dorsal attention network
- the frontal attention network
- the ventral attention network

A

exogenous = the ventral (= midcingulo-insular) attention network
endogenous = dorsal (= frontoparietal) attention network

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15
Q

What is true about serial search?
- It requires attention.
- It is redundant.
- It is preattentive.
- It is parallel.

A

It requires attention.

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16
Q

What is a characteristic of sensory (iconic/echoic) memory?
- It has a low capacity.
- It has a high capacity.
- Its capacity can be improved by training.
- It requires attention.

A

It has a high capacity.

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17
Q

What is a problem of oculomotor delayed-response memory tasks?
- It is unclear where an animal is attending before a saccade.
- They involve iconic memory because the delay time is too short.
- They require visuo-spatial processing.
- They mix up short-term memory and motor preparation.

A

They mix up short-term memory and motor preparation.

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18
Q

What is true according to slot models of visual working memory?
- Memory contents are encoded in the hippocampus.
- Memory contents are encoded in a graded fashion.
- Memory contents are encoded in an all-or-nothing fashion.
- Memory contents are encoded in the pre-SMA.

A

Memory contents are encoded in an all-or-nothing fashion.

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19
Q

What was true for memory patient H. M.?
- He had residual working memory.
- He had mood disorders and was impulsive.
- He had a lesion in primary visual cortex.
- He had intact anterograde memory.

A

He had residual working memory.
- bilateral medial temporal lobe resection (due to epilepsy)
- hippocampus removed and wasted
- minor retrograde amnesia / loss of declarative LTM of last 2 years before surgery
- anterograde amnesia / loss of declarative LTM
- normal intelligence, perception, STM unless distracted, procedural learning and priming

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20
Q

Where are the contents of episodic memory believed to be stored after consolidation?
- across the neocortex
- only in hippocampus
- across the entire brain
- only in prefrontal cortex

A

across the neocortex

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21
Q

What is a motor unit?
- all upper motor neurons innervating a single muscle fiber
- all muscle fibers of a single muscle
- all alpha motor neurons innervating a single muscle
- all muscle fibers innervated by a single alpha motor neuron

A

all muscle fibers innervated by a single alpha (= lower) motor neuron

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22
Q

What is true of movement coding in primate M1:
- All neurons encode direction of movement.
- More neurons encode specific muscles than direction of movement.
- All neurons encode specific muscles.
- More neurons encode direction of movement than specific muscles.

A

More neurons encode direction (50%) of movement than specific muscles (32%).

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23
Q

Which of the following structures contains neurons that synthesize dopamine?
- orbitofrontal cortex
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
- ventral tegmental area
- ventral striatum

A

ventral tegmental area (and substantia nigra)

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24
Q

Which of the following is a definition of the prefrontal cortex?
- the regions of the frontal lobe that don’t elicit movements when stimulated
- the neocortical regions of the frontal lobes
- the supply territory of the anterior cerebral artery
- the projection zone of the thalamic reticular nucleus

A

the regions of the frontal lobe that don’t elicit movements when stimulated (or the projection zone of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus)

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25
Q

What is true about the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?
- It reaches full development earlier than sensory brain regions.
- It reaches full development at the same time as sensory brain regions.
- It reaches full development later than sensory brain regions.
- It continuously develops throughout the lifespan.

A

It reaches full development later than sensory brain regions.

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26
Q

What is true about signal detection theory?
- d-prime is a measure of the criterion that is independent of sensitivity.
- d-prime is a measure of the distance between sensory distributions independent of their variance.
- d-prime is a measure of sensitivity that is independent of the criterion.
- d-prime is correlated with the sensory threshold.

A

d-prime is a measure of sensitivity that is independent of the criterion.

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27
Q

What is a neurometric function?
- a function measuring how much information a neuron has about a stimulus
- a function measuring how much information a participant has about a stimulus
- a function measuring how the spike rate of cells depends on attention
- a function measuring how many stimuli a person can consciously process

A

a function measuring how much information a neuron has about a stimulus
b = psychometric function

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28
Q

What is blindsight?
- the ability of people with visual field deficits to correctly guess properties of a stimulus
- the ability of blind people to imagine a visual stimulus
- the ability of people with retinal defects to process visual information
- the ability of people to see under very poor lighting conditions

A

the ability of people with visual field deficits to correctly guess properties of a stimulus

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29
Q

What is true according to the global neuronal workspace theory?
- Unconscious information is distributed throughout the brain.
- Conscious information is distributed throughout the brain.
- Conscious and unconscious information are distributed throughout the brain.
- Neither conscious nor unconscious information is distributed throughout the brain.

A

Conscious information is distributed throughout the brain.

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30
Q

Which brain region has most relevance for fear?
- Amygdala
- Insular cortex
- Anterior cingulate cortex
- Anterior insula

A

Amygdala = fear
insular cortex / insula = disgust, interoception
anterior cingulate cortex = anger

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31
Q

What is the res extensa?

A

physical brain processes

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32
Q

Who was an early proponent of cerebral Holism?

A

Flourens & Lashley

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33
Q

Who was an early proponent of cerebral localization?

A

Broca, Holmes & Penfield

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34
Q

How many eye muscles do humans have in total?

A

12

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35
Q

What are bipolar cells doing / how are they firing?

A

graded potentials

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36
Q

What are early stages in brain processing of working memory?

A
  • ventral stream: V1, IT (Inferior Temporal Gyrus), IC (Insular Cortex), object identity
  • dorsal stream: V1, PP (Posterior Parietal Cortex), DL (Dorsolateral PFC), spatial memory
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37
Q

Which area is most relevant for disgust?

A

Insula / insular cortex

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38
Q

What is true about the drift diffusion model?
- sensory regions encode evidence accumulation
- LIP codes momentary evidence, sensory regions code accumulated evidence
- microstimulation of sensory regions leads to an offset of the accumulation process
- microstimulation of sensory regions leads to an increase in drift rate of the accumulator

A

microstimulation of sensory regions leads to an increase in drift rate of the accumulator

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39
Q

What are ventral and dorsal attentional pathways coding for?

A
  • ventral (= midcingulo-insular): exogenous/bottom-up
  • dorsal (= frontoparietal): endogenous/top-down
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40
Q

What is exogenous attention?

A

capture of attention by salient stimuli

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41
Q

When entering the eye, the light will first hit …
- the retina
- photoreceptors
- the cornea
- the lens

A

the cornea

42
Q

Which of the following cells do not elicit graded potentials?
- bipolar cells
- ganglion cells
- amacrine cells
- photoreceptors

A

ganglion cells

43
Q

Because of axial chromatic aberration, there are …
- less S-cones than M-cones and L-cones in the fovea
- more S-cones than M-cones and L-cones in the fovea
- less L-cones than M-cones and S-cones in the fovea
- more L-cones than M-cones and S-cones in the fovea

A

less S-cones than M-cones and L-cones in the fovea

44
Q

Which of the following is true of LGN?
- There are more magnocellular than parvocellular layers.
- There are more parvocellular than magnocellular layers.
- Each LGN nucleus contains only information from ipsilateral eye.
- Each LGN nucleus contains only information from the contralateral eye.

A

There are more parvocellular than magnocellular layers.
inner
- layer 1: magnocellular, contralateral eye
- layer 2: magnocellular, ipsilateral eye
- layer 3: parvocellular, ipsilateral eye
- layer 4: parvocellular, contralateral eye
- layer 5: parvocellular, ipsilateral eye
- layer 6: parvocellular, contralateral eye
outer

45
Q

Which of the following statements regarding V1 is not true?
- Representation of the fovea is magnified in V1 compared to retinal representation.
- some cells in V1 code for spatial frequency.
- simple cells in V1 respond to objects moving in a preferred direction.
- V1 is organized retinotopically.

A

simple cells in V1 respond to objects moving in a preferred direction.

46
Q

Which statement on covert and overt attention is correct?
- During covert attention gaze and attention are coupled.
- During covert attention one can involunatrily but not voluntarily decouple gaze and attention.
- During covert attention one can involunatrily and voluntarily decouple gaze and attention.
- During overt attention one can decouple gaze and attention.

A

During covert attention one can involunatrily and voluntarily decouple gaze and attention.

47
Q

Neural substrates of attention…
- include a frontoparietal network that guides bottom-up attention to exogenous cues.
- include a frontoparietal network that guides top-down attention to exogenous cues.
- include a frontoparietal network that guides top-down attention to endogenous cues.
- include a frontoparietal network that guides bottom-up attention to endogenous cues.

A

include a frontoparietal network that guides top-down attention to endogenous cues.

48
Q

What differentiates sensory and short-term memory?
- Short-term memory content cannot be actively rehearsed but sensory memory content can be.
- Sensory memory content decays slower (within s) than short-term memory (within ms).
- Sensory memory has an ultrahigh capacity for encoding, whereas short-term memory has a low capacity.
- Sensory memory has a low capacity for encoding, whereas short-term memory has an ultrahigh capacity.

A

Sensory memory has an ultrahigh capacity for encoding, whereas short-term memory has a low capacity.

49
Q

Recalling a studied dance move is an example of
- semantic memory
- procedural memory
- classical conditioning
- habituation

A

procedural memory

50
Q

Which of the following is not a commonly accepted stage of memory?
- Encoding
- Consolidation
- Retrieval
- Buffering

A

Buffering
Encoding, Consolidation, Storage, Retrieval

51
Q

Which of the following statements is not true about patient H.M.?
- H.M. had an impaired IQ after resection of his medial temporal lobe.
- H.M. was treated for epilepsy.
- H.M. had no ability to form new long-term memory.
- H.M. showed mild retrograde amnesia.

A

H.M. had an impaired IQ after resection of his medial temporal lobe.

52
Q

A patient with anterograde amnesia has difficulties…
- to remember all events before the injury including memories of the distant past.
- to remember all memories right before the injury but has preserved memories of the distant past.
- to remember new information.
- to learn new skills.

A

to remember new information

53
Q

Which of the following statements on the medial temporal lobe memory system is true?
- The medial temporal lobe system includes as primary areas hypothalamus and amygdala.
- Integrates information on object identity and context.
- Is not involved in the encoding process.
- Stores long-term memory traces.

A

Integrates information on object identity and context.
- medial temporal lobe = hippocampus + amygdala

54
Q

Memory retrieval of long-term consolidated memories
- occurs via a retrieval cue activating memory traces in hippocampal systems.
- occurs via a retrieval cue activating memory traces in neocortex.
- occurs within hippocampal and parahippocampal systems.
- occurs in the amygdala.

A

occurs via a retrieval cue activating memory traces in neocortex.

55
Q

Which of the following statements on muscle innervation is true?
- Upper motor neurons can innervate multiple muscle fibres.
- Motor neuronal innervation runs entirely ipsilateral from brain to muscle.
- A motor unit is composed of several motor neurons and a single muscle fibre.
- A motor unit is composed of one lower motor neuron and several muscle fibres.

A

A motor unit is composed of one lower motor neuron and several muscle fibres.

56
Q

Pyramidal tracts control
- voluntary movement
- involuntary movement
- monosynaptic reflexes
- polysynaptic reflexes

A

voluntary movement

57
Q

Which of the following statements on the primary motor cortex (M1) is not true?
- The representation of the hand in M1 is disproportionally large.
- M1 neurons code for movement direction using population vectors.
- M1 neurons code for muscles groups with a homunculus.
- M1 neurons primarily process information for sensory-motor integration.

A

M1 neurons primarily process information for sensory-motor integration.

58
Q

Negative reinforcement describes
- a stimulus representing an unconditioned incentive.
- a stimulus representing a conditioned incentive.
- strengthening of a behaviour after presentation of a positive consequence.
- strengthening of a behaviour after removal of a negative consequence.

A

strengthening of a behaviour after removal of a negative consequence.

59
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine does not play a primary role in
- motor control
- motivational and emotional responses
- addiction
- processing of reward and desire

A

motor control

60
Q

According to Schultz et al. (1997) a positive reward prediction error is followed by
- a dip in phasic mesolimbic dopamine in the ventral tegmental area.
- a spike in phasic mesolimbic dopamine in the ventral tegmental area.
- a spike in tonic dopamine in the substantia nigra.
- a drop of tonic cortical dopamine.

A

a spike in phasic mesolimbic dopamine in the ventral tegmental area.

61
Q

Evidence on temporal discounting suggests that…
- a sooner smaller reward is discounted more than a later larger reward.
- a later larger reward is discounted more than a sooner smaller reward.
- all reward sizes discount at the same rate over time.
- reward values remain constant over time.

A

a later larger reward is discounted more than a sooner smaller reward.

62
Q

The prefrontal cortex can be defined
- based on the regions of the frontal lobe that elicit movements when stimulated.
- based on projection zones of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
- based on projection zones of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus.
- based on basal ganglia projection zones.

A

based on projection zones of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.

63
Q

Prefrontal cortical lesions result in
- anterograde memory loss.
- bradykinesia and rigidity.
- disinhibition and planning deficits.
- visual field deficits.

A

disinhibition and planning deficits.

64
Q

In signal detection theory, high overlap of the noise and signal distribution
- has no influence on discriminability and performance accuracy.
- influences discriminability and performance accuracy.
- leads to more correct rejections.
- leads to less false positives.

A

influences discriminability and performance accuracy.

65
Q

Potential origins of signal-to-noise variability do not include
- stimulus fluctuations.
- sensory processing.
- central processing such as attention processing.
- drift rate.

A

drift rate.

66
Q

In drift diffusion models
- constant evidence relates to choice probabilities.
- accumulating evidence relates to behavioural responses chosen when a decision threshold is reached.
- constant evidence relates to behavioural responses chosen based on a set decision threshold.
- drift rate is independent of the strength of sensory evidence

A

accumulating evidence relates to behavioural responses chosen when a decision threshold is reached.

67
Q

In dot motion perceptual decision-making task,
- a signal that is more coherent, corresponds to a slower accumulation of evidence (drift rate).
- a signal that is more coherent, corresponds to a faster accumulation of evidence (drift rate).
- varying coherence does not affect performance accuracy or reaction times.
- varying coherence increases performance accuracy and increases reaction times.

A

a signal that is more coherent, corresponds to a faster accumulation of evidence (drift rate).

68
Q

Blindsight and hemineglect are discussed in consciousness research
- as the opposites of consciousness.
- as examples for unconscious processing of stimuli that patients are not aware of.
- as phenomena that consciousness cannot explain.
- as examples of normal consciousness as measured with wakefulness.

A

as examples for unconscious processing of stimuli that patients are not aware of.

69
Q

Reliable methods to measure arousal responses before or during emotional experiences include
- measurement of saliva production.
- measurement of saccades.
- measurement of skin conductance.
- measurement of pupil dilatation.

A

measurement of skin conductance

70
Q

The James-Lange theory suggests that
- emotional experiences trigger peripheral nervous system responses inducing arousal.
- peripheral nervous system responses to arousing stimuli trigger emotional experience.
- peripheral nervous system responses and emotional experiences occur simultaneously.
- Emotional experiences are unrelated to peripheral nervous system responses.

A

peripheral nervous system responses to arousing stimuli trigger emotional experience.

71
Q

Which of the following theories is not a neural theory on consciousness?
- Theory of microconsciousness.
- Theory of hierarchy.
- Theory of recurrent processing.
- Theory of a global working space.

A

Theory of hierarchy

72
Q

Which of the following is not a subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
- verbal comprehension
- processing speed
- associative ability
- perceptual organization

A

associative ability
subscale is called associative learning

73
Q

A common theory of intelligence suggests
- brain volume to be most predictive for intelligence.
- gender to be most predictive for intelligence.
- individual differences in cognitive function to derive from differences in neural efficiency.
- peripheral nerve conduction velocity to be a poor predictor of general intelligence (g-factor).

A

individual differences in cognitive function to derive from differences in neural efficiency.

74
Q

The theory of neural resources states that
- neural activity is negatively correlated with behavioural performance.
- neural activity is positively correlated with behavioural performance.
- neural activity and behavioural performance are uncorrelated.
- The relationship between neural activity and behavioural performances has not yet been investigated in neuroscience.

A

neural activity is positively correlated with behavioural performance.

75
Q

The commonly named subcategories of long-term memory systems are …
- endogenous and exogenous
- explicit and embedded
- declarative and non-declarative
- perceptual and episodic

A

declarative and non-declarative

76
Q

Typical Parkinson’s disease symptoms do not include…
- non-motor symptoms
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- ataxia

A

ataxia (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements)

77
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect suggests that…
- stimulus-response associations are weakened by rewards.
- stimulus-response associations are strengthened by rewards.
- a response producing a punishment is more likely to occur in a similar situation in the future.
- punishment and reward influence classical conditioning.

A

stimulus-response associations are strengthened by rewards.

78
Q

Which of the following assumptions is true?
- Intelligence has a heritability that varies across lifespan.
- IQ can be measured independent of cultural biases.
- Intelligence has a heritability of approximately 50%.
- Brain activity does not relate to performance in an IQ test.

A
  • Intelligence has a heritability of approximately 50%.
  • Intelligence has a heritability that varies across lifespan. (also true according to slides)
79
Q

How does the prefrontal cortex perform executive control according to Miller & Cohen (2001)?
- It memorizes the best action plans.
- It establishes new stimulus-response associations.
- It modulates the flow of signals from sensory to motor regions.
- It calculates the value of different behavioral options.

A

It modulates the flow of signals from sensory to motor regions.

80
Q

What is a preferred stimulus of simple cells in V1?
- lines with a variable location in the receptive field
- lines of a fixed spatial location in the receptive field
- lines with an orthogonal orientation
- concentric circles with on- and off-regions

A

lines of a fixed spatial location in the receptive field?

81
Q

What was one of the earliest brain regions for which localization of function was shown?
- Wernicke’s area
- Amygdala
- Broca’s area
- Striate cortex

A

Broca’s area

82
Q

Which statement about visual attention is true?
- The dorsal network mediates exogenous orientation of attention.
- Attentional modulation starts at the level of the optic nerve – but attention starts in V1.
- Attentional mechanisms can be subdivided into endogenous attention and top-down attention.
- Attentional modulation in V4 is stronger than in V1.

A

attentional modulation in V4 is stronger than in V1

83
Q

What is a double dissociation?
- two brain regions that are involved in processing a specific task
- a cognitive function that can be affected by at least two different non-overlapping brain lesions
- a brain region that is supplied by two different arterial supply systems
- two cognitive functions that can be affected independently each by specific brain lesions

A

two cognitive functions that can be affected independently each by specific brain lesions

84
Q

For what kind of information is the dorsal visual pathway specialized?
- Color
- Motion
- Spatial location
- Object Identity

A

Spatial location
ventral pathway = object identiy

85
Q

With which technique did Gordon Holmes demonstrate the human visual field topography of V1?
- Mapping of gunshot wounds
- Mapping with functional magnetic resonanse imaging
- Mapping with direct cortical stimulation
- Mapping with EEG source localization

A

Mapping of gunshot wounds

86
Q

Which of the following regions is a main part of the brain’s reward system?
- Hippocampus
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Nucleus accumbens
- Nucleus affectivis

A

Nucleus accumbens (part of ventral striatum)

87
Q

Which of the following abilities is spared after a selective hippocampus lesion?
- the ability to learn to ride a bike
- the ability to learn the associations between events
- the ability to learn a person’s face
- the ability to memorize the events of a day

A

the ability to learn to ride a bike

88
Q

What is true for human visual short-term memory (vSTM)?
- vSTM involves encoding of contents in early visual brain regions.
- The contents of vSTM are encoded only in prefrontal cortex, but not in sensory regions.
- vSTM involves encoding of contents in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
- vSTM requires an active transformation of contents.

A

vSTM involves encoding of contents in early visual brain regions.

89
Q

What is the res cogitans?
- a special substance underlying conscious thinking that is independent of the body
- a problem solving task in an intelligence test of the roman military
- an executive function that is triggered when no routine operation is available
- a special fMRI scanning sequence that allows to resolve elements of cognitive processes

A

a special substance underlying conscious thinking that is independent of the body

90
Q

Which of the following is NOT a state of consciousness?
- coma
- maximally conscious state
- vegetative state
- REM sleep

A

maximally conscious state

91
Q

Blindsight is an example of …
- information processing in the blind spot
- processing without conscious perception
- conscious information processing
- congenital blindness

A

processing without conscious perception

92
Q

In binocular rivalry, the same stimulus is presented to both eyes.
- True
- False

A

False

93
Q

Which of the following theories is prefrontalist (assumes PFC is necessary for experience)?
- microconsciousness
- integrated information theory
- global neuronal workspace theory
- recurrent processing theory

A

global neuronal workspace theory

94
Q

Conservative response bias …
- decreases subjective threshold
- increases subjective threshold
- increases objective threshold
- decreases objective threshold

A

increases subjective threshold

95
Q

A motor unit consists of …
- multiple upper motor neurons + multiple muscle fiber bundles
- one upper motor neuron + muscle fiber bundle
- one lower motor neuron + muscle fiber bundle
- multiple lower motor neurons + multiple muscle fiber bundles

A

one lower motor neuron + muscle fiber bundle

96
Q

Divergence factor refers to fine tuning of muscle control being larger if one neuron innervates only a few muscles.
- True
- False

A

True

97
Q

The dorsal spinal tract contains efferent signals (from brain to muscles).
- True
- False

A

False

98
Q

Which of the following is a part of the central motor system?
- amygdala
- pituitary gland
- basal ganglia
- ventral tegmental area

A

basal ganglia

99
Q

Direction of movement is well described by
- the tuning profile of single neurons
- population vectors
- orientation tuning
- center-surround properties

A

population vectors

100
Q

Primary motor cortex is organized in a somatotopic fashion.
- True
- False

A

True

Cognitive Neuroscience (14 decks)

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