Mock Exam

Question 1

Coherence Theory of Truth?
- proposition true in itself
- proposition corresponds with fact
- proposition in accordance with overall knowledge

Answer 1

proposition in accordance with overall knowledge

Question 2

Which statement is true?
- Supervenience is ontologically neutral.
- Supervenience implies monism.
- Supervenience implies dualism.

Answer 2

Supervenience is ontologically neutral.

Question 3

Functional descriptions consist of …
- a triplet of stimulus, response, and ensuing mental state.
- cause and effect.
- stimulus and response.

Answer 3

a triplet of stimulus, response, and ensuing mental state

Question 4

What is the Chinese-Room experiment supposed to show?
- Artificial intelligent systems cannot be conscious.
- The Turing test is insufficient.
- Mental states cannot be simulated.

Answer 4

The Turing test is insufficient.

Question 5

What is the problem with the standard account of knowledge, according to the Gettier objection?
- The standard requirements are neither necessary nor sufficient.
- The standard requirements are not sufficient.
- The standard requirements are not necessary.

Answer 5

The standard requirements are not sufficient.

Question 6

What is a synthetic claim?
- claim based on conceptual analysis
- claim not going beyond the meaning of the subject term
- claim going beyond the meaning of the subject term

Answer 6

claim going beyond the meaning of the subject term

Question 7

What is meant by the explanatory gap?
- Mental states are not physical states.
- There is no explanation whatsoever for mental states.
- Neurobiological theories provide no sufficient explanation for the phenomenal quality of mental states.

Answer 7

Neurobiological theories provide no sufficient explanation for the phenomenal quality of mental states.

Question 8

Passing the Turing test is supposed to mean that …
- the system in question is able to display intelligent verbal behavior only.
- the system in question is conscious.
- the system in question simulates consciousness only.

Answer 8

the system in question is conscious.

Question 9

Identity theorists hold that mentalistic and neurobiological statements …
- have the same reference but do not need to have the same meaning.
- neither have the same meaning nor the same reference.
- have the same meaning and the same reference.

Answer 9

have the same reference but do not need to have the same meaning.

Question 10

Which statement is true?
- If a subvenient property changes then, necessarily, a supervenient property changes, too.
- If a supervenient property changes, then, necessarily, the subvenient property changes, too.
- If a subvenient property changes, then, necessarily, the supervenient property remains the same.

Answer 10

If a supervenient property changes, then, necessarily, the subvenient property changes, too.

Question 11

Which statement is true?
- An argument is not valid if all its premises are false.
- If an argument is not valid, then its conclusion is false.
- If an argument is sound, it is valid.

Answer 11

If an argument is sound, it is valid.

Question 12

You are always allowed to use the train if you have a ticket.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 12

sufficient

Question 13

The empirical predictions of epiphenomenalism differ from those of …
- radical materialism.
- identity theory.
- interactionist dualism.

Answer 13

interactionist dualism.

Question 14

How can epiphenomenalists defend their theory with respect to the principle of causal closure?
- Epiphenomenalism shows that there is no way to follow the principle.
- Epiphenomenalism does justice to the principle of causal closure.
- Epiphenomenalism shows that the principle is false.

Answer 14

Epiphenomenalism does justice to the principle of causal closure.

Question 15

How are mental states related to folk-psychology, according to eliminative materialism?
- Mental states are eliminated by folk-psychology.
- Mental states are denied by folk-psychology.
- Mental states are postulates of folk-psychology.

Answer 15

Mental states are postulates of folk-psychology.

Question 16

What are the standard requirements for (propositional) knowledge, according to the received view?
- belief and truth
- causal dependence, belief, and truth
- belief, justification, and truth

Answer 16

• belief, justification, and truth

Question 17

What is the difference between sound arguments and arguments that are valid, but not sound?
- Valid arguments always have true premises.
- Sound arguments always have true premises.
- The conclusion follows from the premises.

Answer 17

Sound arguments always have true premises.

Question 18

What is the Principle of Causal Closure?
- Causal explanations are restricted to physical explanations.
- Any physical event that has a cause has a physical cause.
- Mental states are physical states.

Answer 18

Any physical event that has a cause has a physical cause.

Question 19

What is the relation between emergence and reduction?
- Emergent properties cannot be reductively explained.
- Theory reduction is incompatible with emergence.
- Emergent properties can be reductively explained.

Answer 19

Emergent properties cannot be reductively explained.

Question 20

Columbus would not have discovered America if he had not tried to find the passage to India.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 20

necessary

Question 21

Functionalism …
- has no ontological implications at all.
- implies materialism.
- implies dualism.

Answer 21

has no ontological implications at all.

Question 22

What is the basic tenet of semantic physicalism?
- Mental states supervene on behavioral states.
- Mental states do not exist.
- Mentalistic statements can be translated into behavioral statements without any loss of meaning.

Answer 22

Mentalistic statements can be translated into behavioral statements without any loss of meaning.

Question 23

What follows from part-time-zombie thought experiments?
- a rejection of physicalism
- a reductio ad absurdum for dissociations between mental and functional states
- a solution of the explanatory gap problem

Answer 23

a reductio ad absurdum for dissociations between mental and functional states

Question 24

Why is a reductive explanation of phenomenal states impossible, in principle, according to the proponents of the explanatory gap position?
- because science will not be able to provide the relevant data
- because phenomenal states are no physical states
- because there is no functional analysis of phenomenal states

Answer 24

because there is no functional analysis of phenomenal states

Question 25

You will reach your destination safely if and only if you prepare your journey well. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 25

necessary and sufficient

Question 26

If a condition is necessary for state A, ... - the condition has to be met if and only if state A obtains. - state A has to obtain if condition is met. - the condition has to be met if state A obtains.

Answer 26

the condition has to be met if state A obtains.

Question 27

Why is multiple realization an objection against type identity? - because multiple realization denies that mental states are physical states - because multiple realization is incompatible with physicalism in general - because type identity holds that only one physical type realizes a mental type

Answer 27

because type identity holds that only one physical type realizes a mental type

Question 28

What is truth? - property of predicate - property of object - property of proposition

Answer 28

property of proposition

Question 29

Which theory does not accept that mental processes are among the causes why we talk about them? - Interactionist Dualism - Identity Theory - Epiphenomenalism

Answer 29

Epiphenomenalism

Question 30

What is the basic difference between radical materialism and the identity theory? - Unlike the identity theory, radical materialism holds that mental states are causally efficacious. - Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mentalistic statements can be translated into behaviorist statements, without any remainder. - Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mental states are legitimate subjects of scientific research.

Answer 30

Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mental states are legitimate subjects of scientific research.

Question 31

Which one of these is knowledge, according to the JTB account? - I knew Trump would win the 2016 elections because I dreamt it. - From observation, the greeks knew that the sun revolved around the earth. - I know how to ride a bike - I know that the exam will be on the 1st of March because Dirk told us.

Answer 31

I know that the exam will be on the 1st of March because Dirk told us.

Question 32

"I know how roses smell" is an example of ... - acquaintance knowledge. - propositional knowledge. - knowledge how - none of these

Answer 32

acquaintance knowledge.

Question 33

# True or False? A synthetic claim is true in virtue of the meaning of its constituent terms.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Which one of these is not a valid argument? - Oranges are healthy cause oranges are sweet and sweet things are healthy. - Toasters are made of gold. Gold things are alive. Thus, toasters are alive. - All flowers smell good. Roses smell good. Therefore, roses are flowers. - If it rains, the ground is wet. It rains.Therefore, the ground is wet.

Answer 34

All flowers smell good. Roses smell good. Therefore, roses are flowers.

Question 35

Every time I smell a flower, I sneeze. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 35

sufficient

Question 36

Writing on the forum at least 3 times is ... for passing this class. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 36

neither necessary nor sufficient

Question 37

In order to think, you must be alive. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 37

necessary

Question 38

Whenever I calls his name, my dog barks. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 38

sufficient

Question 39

If and only if you are not sick, you are healthy. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 39

necessary and sufficient

Question 40

All golden retrievers are dogs. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 40

sufficient

Question 41

If we accept that pain is an example of Multiple Realization, which of these claims must we accept? - Pain must be one physical state, although we may not know which one. - Pain can be realized by many different physical states, although we may not know which ones. - Pain is always realized by the activation of multiple physical states at once. - Pain can never be realized by a single set of physical states.

Answer 41

Pain can be realized by many different physical states, although we may not know which ones.

Question 42

What is the difference between reductive and non-reductive physicalism? - Reductive physicalists, unlike non-reductive physicalists, claim that each mental state is identical with a physical state. - Reductive physicalists, unlike non-reductive physicalists, claim that mental states can be explained by reference to physical states alone. - Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are not caused by physical states. - Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are non-physical states.

Answer 42

Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are non-physical states.

Question 43

Which of the following is true about identity theory? - According to identity theory, mental states don’t really exist. - According to identity theory, mental states cannot be causes. - According to identity theory, all mental expressions can be replaced by physical expressions. - According to identity theory, a mental state is always also a physical state.

Answer 43

According to identity theory, a mental state is always also a physical state.

Question 44

Which of these is the conclusion of the consequence argument? - Our acts are the consequences of the laws of nature and events in the past. - Determinism is true. - Freedom and determinism are incompatible. - The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is false.

Answer 44

Freedom and determinism are incompatible.

Question 45

I cannot know what it is like to be a bat because ... - there is an explanatory gap. - reductionism is true. - current neuroscience is incomplete. - epiphenomenalism is false.

Answer 45

there is an explanatory gap.

Question 46

Which of the following is incompatible with functionalism? - The Extended Mind - Type Identity Theory - Token Identity Theory - Dualism

Answer 46

Type Identity Theory

Question 47

Physicalism is the claim that ... - the mind and the brain are identical. - mental states cannot cause brain states. - everything is physical. - everything can be understood in physical terms.

Answer 47

everything is physical.

Question 48

Having to account for mental causation is a problem for ... - Epiphenomenalism. - Functionalism. - Radical Materialism / Eliminative Materialism. - Interactionist dualism.

Answer 48

Interactionist dualism.

Question 49

# True or False? The principle of causal closure poses a problem to epiphenomenalism.

Answer 49

False

Question 50

# True or False? Non-reductionism entails dualism.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

The extended mind ... - entails radical functionalism. - is incompatible with radical functionalism. - is unrelated to radical functionalism. - follows from radical functionalism.

Answer 51

follows from radical functionalism.

Question 52

Which one of these is a problem for Type Identity Theory? - Multiple realization - Causal Closure - No overdetermination - Mental Causation

Answer 52

Multiple realization

Question 53

# True or False? According to Eliminative Materialism, folk psychology is not a theory.

Answer 53

False

Question 54

# True or False? Property dualism is less ontologically demanding than substance dualism.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

# True or False? Empirical theories of consciousness aim to solve the explanatory gap.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

# True or False? The part-time zombie thought experiments show that mental states cannot make a functional difference.

Answer 56

False

Question 57

Philosophical zombies … - are only possible if there is no explanatory gap. - are compatible with all philosophical theories. - are functionally identical to us, but without conscious states. - show that interactionist dualism is false.

Answer 57

are functionally identical to us, but without conscious states.

Question 58

Defenders of the Extended Mind Thesis hold the so-called Parity Principle. Which of the following statements best describes this principle? - All mental states occur outside the brain. - States outside the body that are functionally equivalent to states inside the body count as cognitive states as well. - States outside the brain that are functionally equivalent to cognitive states inside the brain have to count as cognitive states as well. - Everything that is causally connected to me counts as part of my cognitive processes.

Answer 58

States outside the brain that are functionally equivalent to cognitive states inside the brain have to count as cognitive states as well.

Question 59

What is the relation between logical behaviorism and functionalism? - Logical behaviorism follows from functionalism. - Functionalism follows from logical behaviorism. - Functionalism falls back into behaviorism because it only posits input-output relations, which can always be reduced to behavior. - Functionalism differs from logical behaviorism in that it allows the existence of internal mental states.

Answer 59

Functionalism differs from logical behaviorism in that it allows the existence of internal mental states.

Question 60

According to interactionist dualism ... - mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. - mind and body are different substances that interact with one another. - the mind emerges from the interaction of mind and body. - there are no causal relations between the mind and the body.

Answer 60

mind and body are different substances that interact with one another.

Question 61

"A is a sufficient condition for B" entails that ... - A has to obtain if B is the case. - B has to obtain if A is the case. - A and B will always obtain together.

Answer 61

B has to obtain if A is the case.

Question 62

Columbus would not have discovered America if he had not tried to find the passage to India. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 62

necessary

Question 63

What captures the structure of the conflict between Gettier and the standard definition of knowledge? - An object is a chair but does not fulfill the necessary criteria of the definition of a chair. - An object does fulfill the necessary criteria of a chair but is not a chair.

Answer 63

An object does fulfill the necessary criteria of a chair but is not a chair.

Question 64

Might ChatGPT be able to feel pain according to Type Identity Theory?

Answer 64

No.

Question 65

Why does Chalmers think that there is a hard problem?

Answer 65

phenomenal states cannot be described in functional terms | hard problem: inability to close the explanatory gap

Question 66

What is compatibilism?

Answer 66

notion that Free Will and Determinism are compatible

Question 67

Do the empirical predictions of Interactionalist Dualism differ from those of Identity Theory?

Answer 67

Yes.

Question 68

Can a sound argument be invalid?

Answer 68

No.

Question 69

According to the Coherence Theory of Truth a true proposition ... - needs to be in accordance with overall knowledge. - corresponds with facts. - cannot be true.

Answer 69

needs to be in accordance with overall knowledge.

Question 70

What are the basic atoms of our epistemology? - particles - information - spacetime

Answer 70

information

Question 71

What is Metaphysics? How is it related to the mind? How is it related to regulators/controllers?

Answer 71

- What is the nature of reality? - looks for the generator of observations - Physics and Metaphysics investigate the conditions and constraints under which observing systems can exist - Physics and Metaphysics suggest that under conditions of energy conversation and increasing entropy, stable complex systems must be regulators

Question 72

What is an Ontology? How is it related to the mind? How is it related to regulators/controllers?

Answer 72

- parses observations into different entities - asks which entities are the most fundamental - are employed by observing systems to model the regularities they find - help regulators to arrive at elegant representations (Aesthetics)

Question 73

What is Epistemology? How is it related to the mind? How is it related to regulators/controllers?

Answer 73

- asks what can be known - sets constrains to what observing systems can know about universes and themselves - puts the constraints on what regulators' models can be based on

Question 74

What is Philosophy of Mind?

Answer 74

- Who are we?

Question 75

What is Ethics?

Answer 75

- What should we do?

Question 76

What is Physics? How is it related to the mind? How is it related to regulators/controllers?

Answer 76

- attempt to find a function that correlates all observations - Physics and Metaphysics investigate conditions and constraints under which observing systems can exist - Physics and Metaphysics suggest that under conditions of energy conversation and increasing entropy, stable complex systems must be regulators

Question 77

What are functions? How is it related to the mind? How is it related to regulators/controllers?

Answer 77

- capture the invariance in the variances, the constant, specific type of change happening between patterns (abstract function approximation) - are used to model the structure found in observations - make up the models that observing systems can create - make up the models that regulators can create

Question 78

What is Dennett's Zombank?

Answer 78

- resembles a bank in all of its functional aspects (functional equivalent) - lacks the intrinsic powers / essence that only real banks possess - therefore not a real bank

Question 79

What is Functionalism?

Answer 79

the rejection of the notion of a hidden essence

Question 80

What is Epiphenomenalism?

Answer 80

stance that qualia are caused by functional processes, but have no causal influence themselves (byproduct of brain activity)

Question 81

What is Dualism?

Answer 81

ontological stance assuming two different fundamental substances

Question 82

What is the Interface Problem?

Answer 82

- physics defined as causally closed (everything interacting with physics is by definition part of physics) - dualist stances cannot let the two different substances have any influence on each other because of the Interface Problem

Question 83

What is Occasionalism?

Answer 83

- stance that solves the Interface Problem by positing that synchronicity between mind and body in a dualist framework is not caused by the substances themselves but by God as the only cause

Question 84

What is Interactionist Dualism?

Answer 84

- pretends to solve the Interface Problem - mental realm can causally influence physical realm

Question 85

What is the Principle of Determinism?

Answer 85

same event, same cause

Question 86

What is the Principle of Causality?

Answer 86

every event has a cause

Question 87

What is (Causal) Determinism?

Answer 87

every state of the universe is determined by the previous state

Question 88

What is Incompatibilism?

Answer 88

notion that Free Will and Determinism are incompatible

Question 89

What is Compatibilism?

Answer 89

- notion that Free Will and Determinism are compatible - usually argued for via weaker notion of our everyday notion of Freedom of Will

Question 90

What is the Correspondence Theory of Truth?

Answer 90

- proposition true if it corresponds to a fact

Question 91

What is the Coherence Theory of Truth?

Answer 91

- proposition true if it coheres with other accepted propositions

Question 92

What is Eliminative Materialism?

Answer 92

- notion that mental states are postulates of folk psychology and will be replaced by neural statements/theories - mental states do not actually exist

Question 93

What is the Identity Theory?

Answer 93

- mental states are brain states - mental states are objects of scientific investigation

Question 94

What is Type Identity Theory?

Answer 94

- one mental type identical to one physical type - mental and physical statements have the same reference but different meanings

Question 95

What is Token Identity Theory?

Answer 95

- one mental type realizable by more than one physical type - mental and physical statements have the same reference but different meanings

Question 96

What is a Performative Contradiction?

Answer 96

- arises when propositional content of a statement contradicts the presuppositions of asserting it (e.g., "I am dead") - can give you first premise / axiom of a theory

Question 97

What is First Principle Thinking?

Answer 97

- first principle = basic proposition/assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition/assumption - consists of deriving things to their fundamental proven axioms in the given arena, before reasoning up by asking which ones are relevant to the question at hand, then cross referencing conclusions based on chosen axioms and making sure conclusions do not violate any fundamental laws

Question 98

When is an argument valid?

Answer 98

- if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless be false - arguments with contradicting premises are always valid

Question 99

When is an argument sound?

Answer 99

if and only if the argument is valid and all premises are true

Question 100

What is petitio principii?

Answer 100

- synonymous with begging the question, assuming the conclusion - type of circular reasoning - informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it

Question 101

What is a deductive argument?

Answer 101

- an argument where the conclusion necessarily / certainly follows from the premises - truth of conclusion is logical consequence of the premises

Question 102

What is an inductive argument?

Answer 102

an argument where the conclusion follows from the premises with some probability

Question 103

What is an abductive argument?

Answer 103

- an argument that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations - yields plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it - inference to the best explanation

Question 104

If I have a ticket I am allowed to take the train. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 104

sufficient

Question 105

If Franz is fluent in Hungarian, he understand the word _fereg_. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 105

sufficient

Question 106

Lujza is happy if and only if the sun is shining. - necessary - sufficient - necessary and sufficient - neither necessary nor sufficient

Answer 106

necessary and sufficient

Question 107

What does "If A then B" mean?

Answer 107

- A is sufficient for B - B is necessary for A - not A is necessary for not B - not B is sufficient for not A

Question 108

What is Supervenience?

Answer 108

- asymmetrical relation between two properties - A supervenes on B if and only if some change in B is necessary for any difference in A to be possible. - if A changes, then B has to change as well, but the opposite does not have to be the case

Question 109

Do rainbows really exist?

Answer 109

- no, they are just a simplified model our mind created to describe the complex interplay of raindrops and sunlight - e.g., other species do not / are not able to see rainbows

Question 110

What is the Parity Principle in the Extended Mind Theory?

Answer 110

stance that a process is cognitive if its function is identical with cognitive brain processes

Question 111

What do many believe is the Turing Test supposed to show?

Answer 111

that a system is conscious

Question 112

What is the Principle of Causal Closure in Physicalism?

Answer 112

- explanations of physical events have to refer to other physical events

Question 113

What is Physical Determination?

Answer 113

- positive facts determined by physical facts - no change of positive facts without change of physical facts