Mock Exam Flashcards
Coherence Theory of Truth?
- proposition true in itself
- proposition corresponds with fact
- proposition in accordance with overall knowledge
proposition in accordance with overall knowledge
Which statement is true?
- Supervenience is ontologically neutral.
- Supervenience implies monism.
- Supervenience implies dualism.
Supervenience is ontologically neutral.
Functional descriptions consist of …
- a triplet of stimulus, response, and ensuing mental state.
- cause and effect.
- stimulus and response.
a triplet of stimulus, response, and ensuing mental state
What is the Chinese-Room experiment supposed to show?
- Artificial intelligent systems cannot be conscious.
- The Turing test is insufficient.
- Mental states cannot be simulated.
The Turing test is insufficient.
What is the problem with the standard account of knowledge, according to the Gettier objection?
- The standard requirements are neither necessary nor sufficient.
- The standard requirements are not sufficient.
- The standard requirements are not necessary.
The standard requirements are not sufficient.
What is a synthetic claim?
- claim based on conceptual analysis
- claim not going beyond the meaning of the subject term
- claim going beyond the meaning of the subject term
claim going beyond the meaning of the subject term
What is meant by the explanatory gap?
- Mental states are not physical states.
- There is no explanation whatsoever for mental states.
- Neurobiological theories provide no sufficient explanation for the phenomenal quality of mental states.
Neurobiological theories provide no sufficient explanation for the phenomenal quality of mental states.
Passing the Turing test is supposed to mean that …
- the system in question is able to display intelligent verbal behavior only.
- the system in question is conscious.
- the system in question simulates consciousness only.
the system in question is conscious.
Identity theorists hold that mentalistic and neurobiological statements …
- have the same reference but do not need to have the same meaning.
- neither have the same meaning nor the same reference.
- have the same meaning and the same reference.
have the same reference but do not need to have the same meaning.
Which statement is true?
- If a subvenient property changes then, necessarily, a supervenient property changes, too.
- If a supervenient property changes, then, necessarily, the subvenient property changes, too.
- If a subvenient property changes, then, necessarily, the supervenient property remains the same.
If a supervenient property changes, then, necessarily, the subvenient property changes, too.
Which statement is true?
- An argument is not valid if all its premises are false.
- If an argument is not valid, then its conclusion is false.
- If an argument is sound, it is valid.
If an argument is sound, it is valid.
You are always allowed to use the train if you have a ticket.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
The empirical predictions of epiphenomenalism differ from those of …
- radical materialism.
- identity theory.
- interactionist dualism.
interactionist dualism.
How can epiphenomenalists defend their theory with respect to the principle of causal closure?
- Epiphenomenalism shows that there is no way to follow the principle.
- Epiphenomenalism does justice to the principle of causal closure.
- Epiphenomenalism shows that the principle is false.
Epiphenomenalism does justice to the principle of causal closure.
How are mental states related to folk-psychology, according to eliminative materialism?
- Mental states are eliminated by folk-psychology.
- Mental states are denied by folk-psychology.
- Mental states are postulates of folk-psychology.
Mental states are postulates of folk-psychology.
What are the standard requirements for (propositional) knowledge, according to the received view?
- belief and truth
- causal dependence, belief, and truth
- belief, justification, and truth
- belief, justification, and truth
What is the difference between sound arguments and arguments that are valid, but not sound?
- Valid arguments always have true premises.
- Sound arguments always have true premises.
- The conclusion follows from the premises.
Sound arguments always have true premises.
What is the Principle of Causal Closure?
- Causal explanations are restricted to physical explanations.
- Any physical event that has a cause has a physical cause.
- Mental states are physical states.
Any physical event that has a cause has a physical cause.
What is the relation between emergence and reduction?
- Emergent properties cannot be reductively explained.
- Theory reduction is incompatible with emergence.
- Emergent properties can be reductively explained.
Emergent properties cannot be reductively explained.
Columbus would not have discovered America if he had not tried to find the passage to India.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary
Functionalism …
- has no ontological implications at all.
- implies materialism.
- implies dualism.
has no ontological implications at all.
What is the basic tenet of semantic physicalism?
- Mental states supervene on behavioral states.
- Mental states do not exist.
- Mentalistic statements can be translated into behavioral statements without any loss of meaning.
Mentalistic statements can be translated into behavioral statements without any loss of meaning.
What follows from part-time-zombie thought experiments?
- a rejection of physicalism
- a reductio ad absurdum for dissociations between mental and functional states
- a solution of the explanatory gap problem
a reductio ad absurdum for dissociations between mental and functional states
Why is a reductive explanation of phenomenal states impossible, in principle, according to the proponents of the explanatory gap position?
- because science will not be able to provide the relevant data
- because phenomenal states are no physical states
- because there is no functional analysis of phenomenal states
because there is no functional analysis of phenomenal states
You will reach your destination safely if and only if you prepare your journey well.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary and sufficient
If a condition is necessary for state A, …
- the condition has to be met if and only if state A obtains.
- state A has to obtain if condition is met.
- the condition has to be met if state A obtains.
the condition has to be met if state A obtains.
Why is multiple realization an objection against type identity?
- because multiple realization denies that mental states are physical states
- because multiple realization is incompatible with physicalism in general
- because type identity holds that only one physical type realizes a mental type
because type identity holds that only one physical type realizes a mental type
What is truth?
- property of predicate
- property of object
- property of proposition
property of proposition
Which theory does not accept that mental processes are among the causes why we talk about them?
- Interactionist Dualism
- Identity Theory
- Epiphenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism
What is the basic difference between radical materialism and the identity theory?
- Unlike the identity theory, radical materialism holds that mental states are causally efficacious.
- Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mentalistic statements can be translated into behaviorist statements, without any remainder.
- Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mental states are legitimate subjects of scientific research.
Unlike radical materialism, identity theorists hold that mental states are legitimate subjects of scientific research.
Which one of these is knowledge, according to the JTB account?
- I knew Trump would win the 2016 elections because I dreamt it.
- From observation, the greeks knew that the sun revolved around the earth.
- I know how to ride a bike
- I know that the exam will be on the 1st of March because Dirk told us.
I know that the exam will be on the 1st of March because Dirk told us.
“I know how roses smell” is an example of …
- acquaintance knowledge.
- propositional knowledge.
- knowledge how
- none of these
acquaintance knowledge.
True or False?
A synthetic claim is true in virtue of the meaning of its constituent terms.
False
Which one of these is not a valid argument?
- Oranges are healthy cause oranges are sweet and sweet things are healthy.
- Toasters are made of gold. Gold things are alive. Thus, toasters are alive.
- All flowers smell good. Roses smell good. Therefore, roses are flowers.
- If it rains, the ground is wet. It rains.Therefore, the ground is wet.
All flowers smell good. Roses smell good. Therefore, roses are flowers.
Every time I smell a flower, I sneeze.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
Writing on the forum at least 3 times is … for passing this class.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
neither necessary nor sufficient
In order to think, you must be alive.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary
Whenever I calls his name, my dog barks.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
If and only if you are not sick, you are healthy.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary and sufficient
All golden retrievers are dogs.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
If we accept that pain is an example of Multiple Realization, which of these claims must we accept?
- Pain must be one physical state, although we may not know which one.
- Pain can be realized by many different physical states, although we may not know which ones.
- Pain is always realized by the activation of multiple physical states at once.
- Pain can never be realized by a single set of physical states.
Pain can be realized by many different physical states, although we may not know which ones.
What is the difference between reductive and non-reductive physicalism?
- Reductive physicalists, unlike non-reductive physicalists, claim that each mental state is identical with a physical state.
- Reductive physicalists, unlike non-reductive physicalists, claim that mental states can be explained by reference to physical states alone.
- Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are not caused by physical states.
- Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are non-physical states.
Non-reductive physicalists, unlike reductive physicalists, claim that mental states are non-physical states.
Which of the following is true about identity theory?
- According to identity theory, mental states don’t really exist.
- According to identity theory, mental states cannot be causes.
- According to identity theory, all mental expressions can be replaced by physical expressions.
- According to identity theory, a mental state is always also a physical state.
According to identity theory, a mental state is always also a physical state.
Which of these is the conclusion of the consequence argument?
- Our acts are the consequences of the laws of nature and events in the past.
- Determinism is true.
- Freedom and determinism are incompatible.
- The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is false.
Freedom and determinism are incompatible.
I cannot know what it is like to be a bat because …
- there is an explanatory gap.
- reductionism is true.
- current neuroscience is incomplete.
- epiphenomenalism is false.
there is an explanatory gap.
Which of the following is incompatible with functionalism?
- The Extended Mind
- Type Identity Theory
- Token Identity Theory
- Dualism
Type Identity Theory
Physicalism is the claim that …
- the mind and the brain are identical.
- mental states cannot cause brain states.
- everything is physical.
- everything can be understood in physical terms.
everything is physical.
Having to account for mental causation is a problem for …
- Epiphenomenalism.
- Functionalism.
- Radical Materialism / Eliminative Materialism.
- Interactionist dualism.
Interactionist dualism.
True or False?
The principle of causal closure poses a problem to epiphenomenalism.
False
True or False?
Non-reductionism entails dualism.
False
The extended mind …
- entails radical functionalism.
- is incompatible with radical functionalism.
- is unrelated to radical functionalism.
- follows from radical functionalism.
follows from radical functionalism.
Which one of these is a problem for Type Identity Theory?
- Multiple realization
- Causal Closure
- No overdetermination
- Mental Causation
Multiple realization
True or False?
According to Eliminative Materialism, folk psychology is not a theory.
False
True or False?
Property dualism is less ontologically demanding than substance dualism.
True
True or False?
Empirical theories of consciousness aim to solve the explanatory gap.
False
True or False?
The part-time zombie thought experiments show that mental states cannot make a functional difference.
False
Philosophical zombies …
- are only possible if there is no explanatory gap.
- are compatible with all philosophical theories.
- are functionally identical to us, but without conscious states.
- show that interactionist dualism is false.
are functionally identical to us, but without conscious states.
Defenders of the Extended Mind Thesis hold the so-called Parity Principle. Which of the following statements best describes this principle?
- All mental states occur outside the brain.
- States outside the body that are functionally equivalent to states inside the body count as cognitive states as well.
- States outside the brain that are functionally equivalent to cognitive states inside the brain have to count as cognitive states as well.
- Everything that is causally connected to me counts as part of my cognitive processes.
States outside the brain that are functionally equivalent to cognitive states inside the brain have to count as cognitive states as well.
What is the relation between logical behaviorism and functionalism?
- Logical behaviorism follows from functionalism.
- Functionalism follows from logical behaviorism.
- Functionalism falls back into behaviorism because it only posits input-output relations, which can always be reduced to behavior.
- Functionalism differs from logical behaviorism in that it allows the existence of internal mental states.
Functionalism differs from logical behaviorism in that it allows the existence of internal mental states.
According to interactionist dualism …
- mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
- mind and body are different substances that interact with one another.
- the mind emerges from the interaction of mind and body.
- there are no causal relations between the mind and the body.
mind and body are different substances that interact with one another.
“A is a sufficient condition for B” entails that …
- A has to obtain if B is the case.
- B has to obtain if A is the case.
- A and B will always obtain together.
B has to obtain if A is the case.
Columbus would not have discovered America if he had not tried to find the passage to India.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary
What captures the structure of the conflict between Gettier and the standard definition of knowledge?
- An object is a chair but does not fulfill the necessary criteria of the definition of a chair.
- An object does fulfill the necessary criteria of a chair but is not a chair.
An object does fulfill the necessary criteria of a chair but is not a chair.
Might ChatGPT be able to feel pain according to Type Identity Theory?
No.
Why does Chalmers think that there is a hard problem?
phenomenal states cannot be described in functional terms
hard problem: inability to close the explanatory gap
What is compatibilism?
notion that Free Will and Determinism are compatible
Do the empirical predictions of Interactionalist Dualism differ from those of Identity Theory?
Yes.
Can a sound argument be invalid?
No.
According to the Coherence Theory of Truth a true proposition …
- needs to be in accordance with overall knowledge.
- corresponds with facts.
- cannot be true.
needs to be in accordance with overall knowledge.
What are the basic atoms of our epistemology?
- particles
- information
- spacetime
information
What is Metaphysics?
How is it related to the mind?
How is it related to regulators/controllers?
- What is the nature of reality?
- looks for the generator of observations
- Physics and Metaphysics investigate the conditions and constraints under which observing systems can exist
- Physics and Metaphysics suggest that under conditions of energy conversation and increasing entropy, stable complex systems must be regulators
What is an Ontology?
How is it related to the mind?
How is it related to regulators/controllers?
- parses observations into different entities
- asks which entities are the most fundamental
- are employed by observing systems to model the regularities they find
- help regulators to arrive at elegant representations (Aesthetics)
What is Epistemology?
How is it related to the mind?
How is it related to regulators/controllers?
- asks what can be known
- sets constrains to what observing systems can know about universes and themselves
- puts the constraints on what regulators’ models can be based on
What is Philosophy of Mind?
- Who are we?
What is Ethics?
- What should we do?
What is Physics?
How is it related to the mind?
How is it related to regulators/controllers?
- attempt to find a function that correlates all observations
- Physics and Metaphysics investigate conditions and constraints under which observing systems can exist
- Physics and Metaphysics suggest that under conditions of energy conversation and increasing entropy, stable complex systems must be regulators
What are functions?
How is it related to the mind?
How is it related to regulators/controllers?
- capture the invariance in the variances, the constant, specific type of change happening between patterns (abstract function approximation)
- are used to model the structure found in observations
- make up the models that observing systems can create
- make up the models that regulators can create
What is Dennett’s Zombank?
- resembles a bank in all of its functional aspects (functional equivalent)
- lacks the intrinsic powers / essence that only real banks possess
- therefore not a real bank
What is Functionalism?
the rejection of the notion of a hidden essence
What is Epiphenomenalism?
stance that qualia are caused by functional processes, but have no causal influence themselves (byproduct of brain activity)
What is Dualism?
ontological stance assuming two different fundamental substances
What is the Interface Problem?
- physics defined as causally closed (everything interacting with physics is by definition part of physics)
- dualist stances cannot let the two different substances have any influence on each other because of the Interface Problem
What is Occasionalism?
- stance that solves the Interface Problem by positing that synchronicity between mind and body in a dualist framework is not caused by the substances themselves but by God as the only cause
What is Interactionist Dualism?
- pretends to solve the Interface Problem
- mental realm can causally influence physical realm
What is the Principle of Determinism?
same event, same cause
What is the Principle of Causality?
every event has a cause
What is (Causal) Determinism?
every state of the universe is determined by the previous state
What is Incompatibilism?
notion that Free Will and Determinism are incompatible
What is Compatibilism?
- notion that Free Will and Determinism are compatible
- usually argued for via weaker notion of our everyday notion of Freedom of Will
What is the Correspondence Theory of Truth?
- proposition true if it corresponds to a fact
What is the Coherence Theory of Truth?
- proposition true if it coheres with other accepted propositions
What is Eliminative Materialism?
- notion that mental states are postulates of folk psychology and will be replaced by neural statements/theories
- mental states do not actually exist
What is the Identity Theory?
- mental states are brain states
- mental states are objects of scientific investigation
What is Type Identity Theory?
- one mental type identical to one physical type
- mental and physical statements have the same reference but different meanings
What is Token Identity Theory?
- one mental type realizable by more than one physical type
- mental and physical statements have the same reference but different meanings
What is a Performative Contradiction?
- arises when propositional content of a statement contradicts the presuppositions of asserting it (e.g., “I am dead”)
- can give you first premise / axiom of a theory
What is First Principle Thinking?
- first principle = basic proposition/assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition/assumption
- consists of deriving things to their fundamental proven axioms in the given arena, before reasoning up by asking which ones are relevant to the question at hand, then cross referencing conclusions based on chosen axioms and making sure conclusions do not violate any fundamental laws
When is an argument valid?
- if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless be false
- arguments with contradicting premises are always valid
When is an argument sound?
if and only if the argument is valid and all premises are true
What is petitio principii?
- synonymous with begging the question, assuming the conclusion
- type of circular reasoning
- informal fallacy that occurs when an argument’s premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it
What is a deductive argument?
- an argument where the conclusion necessarily / certainly follows from the premises
- truth of conclusion is logical consequence of the premises
What is an inductive argument?
an argument where the conclusion follows from the premises with some probability
What is an abductive argument?
- an argument that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations
- yields plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it
- inference to the best explanation
If I have a ticket I am allowed to take the train.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
If Franz is fluent in Hungarian, he understand the word fereg.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
sufficient
Lujza is happy if and only if the sun is shining.
- necessary
- sufficient
- necessary and sufficient
- neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary and sufficient
What does “If A then B” mean?
- A is sufficient for B
- B is necessary for A
- not A is necessary for not B
- not B is sufficient for not A
What is Supervenience?
- asymmetrical relation between two properties
- A supervenes on B if and only if some change in B is necessary for any difference in A to be possible.
- if A changes, then B has to change as well, but the opposite does not have to be the case
Do rainbows really exist?
- no, they are just a simplified model our mind created to describe the complex interplay of raindrops and sunlight
- e.g., other species do not / are not able to see rainbows
What is the Parity Principle in the Extended Mind Theory?
stance that a process is cognitive if its function is identical with cognitive brain processes
What do many believe is the Turing Test supposed to show?
that a system is conscious
What is the Principle of Causal Closure in Physicalism?
- explanations of physical events have to refer to other physical events
What is Physical Determination?
- positive facts determined by physical facts
- no change of positive facts without change of physical facts
