mock Flashcards
Outline two ways in which the law may perform an ideological function for crime
Creates a false class consciousness e.g health and safety laws
it benefits the ruling class e.g protects legitimate ownership
What groups are more likely to be a victim of crime
Women more likely to experience DV - feminists argue this is due to patriarchal control
Individuals in deprived areas more likely to be a victim of violent crime - this is due to the need to relieve status frustration
Minority ethnic groups are at more risk of hate crimes - due to ethnocentric curriculum and institutional racism that creates which supremacy
Analyse two ways in which deviant subculture may response to the difficulties of achieving mainstream goals
‘some young people may u detached at school’
Cohen - blocked opportunities leads to status frustration in working class bous
symbolic violence in education - Paul Willis
form subculture as an alternative way to gain mainstream status
c - assumes a value consensus - Hyman m.c and w.c have different value systems
‘living in a deprived or unstable neighbourhood’
Cloward and Ohlin - three types of different subcultures depending on area - unstable neighbourhoods create a criminal subculture which uses utilitarian crime to achieve main stream goals, deprived area create conflict subculture where they use non utilitarian crime to relieve frustration not to gain status
Lea and Young - relative deprivation and marginalisation leads to forming subculture
c - too deterministic - not all people from bad neighbourhoods turn to crime
state crime - definitions
Definitions
domestic law - Chamiss - acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials - criticised as states can make laws and avoid being criminalised e.g Nazi Germamy
zemiolofy - Michalowksi - legally permissbape acts where consequence cause some amount of harm - intepresebists say harm depends on audience
international law - Rothe and Mullins state xrkme as actions of state that violates international law - determined by a state Strand and Truman found Japan tried to overturn ban on whaling by bribing smaller countries
Human rights Schwendingers violation of people’s basic HR by the state - if we accept the legal definitions we’re accept states interests - Cohen criticises as gross violations of HR are immoral but not self evidently criminal
Outline and explain two ways in which values may enter sociological research
choice of topic
Weber - this is a subjective and based on researchers interests - findings are always going to support the researchers values
Plummer - our personal beliefs can never be removed from our confidence
value relevance - the rest of the research should be collected objectively - fits with early positivists who believe quantitative methods like Marx historical materialism to help
career advancement
Gouldner - research can often be for careers progression - ‘spiritless’ discipline
funding masters often have their own set of values so pay socipficaisys to reach these - if the research does not fit this then it is not published e.h Black Report so sociologists may censor research
while research is paymasters values nor sociologists it is often in order to gain funding to progress career especially is it has gov backing
Modern positivists would argue that their values are irrelevant to research and their job is to establish truth
evaluate the advantages of using structured interviews
Structured interviews are interviews that follow a set agenda created by the interviewer - produces mostly quantitative data but can produce qulaitatice if the questions are open ended but this is less common
Overall method is interpreticist but the specific method is positivist
Practical issues - less need to train researchers so cost effective - good for research on a budget
however a practical advantage is that as the questions are closed it is less time consuming and not expensive to conduct
ethical - requires consent by interviwee
researcher present to spot signs of distress unlike a questionnaire
Validity - social desirability as the researcher is present people may answer what they want to hear
inflexible questions means they fail to capture the capacity of the topic
reliability - standardisation procedure - all candidates are asked same predetermined questions so the data is consisgent
objectivity - reduce the risk of researcher asking certain questions to some and not others - easy for many researchers to reach a consensus
Representativeness - easy to complete on a large sample given the right conditions but questionnaire may be better as researcher has to be present for them
explanations of state crime
Rwanda - genocide in 1999 - 800,00 Tutsis died
1986 - challenger space shuttle - cost cutting by NASA led to its exploration and death of strapunauts
Deep Water Horizom oil rig - 2010- gov failed to oversee industry and notice cost cutting decisions
Myanmar - crackdown on muslims cause border flea after violence by soliders
explanations of state crkme
Adorno et al - authoritarian personality - willingness to overt supervisors
Green and ward - in order to overcome norms against the use of cruelty they need to be re socialised to the enemy
Kerman and Hamilton - free features of obedience - authorisation, routinisation and dehumanisation
Zygmunt and Bauman holocaust created by modern society - division of labour, beauracratisatiln , instrumental rationality, technology c- not all genocides have high organisation
