Mobility Flashcards
What does the muscular skeletal system consist of?
- bones
- muscles
- tendons
- cartilage
- ligaments
what is muscular system
- it is the frame work of your body
- allows the body to move
How many bones?
206
4 types of bones are?
long, short, flat, irregular
what are short bones? and example
allow ease of movement, fingers, toes, ankles, wrists
what are long bones? and example
take the weight, femur
what are flat bones? and example
to protect organs, ribs, skull, pelvis
what are irregular bones? and example.
allow movement and flexibility, can bear some weight, vertebrate.
Inside the bone is mostly hollow, what is inside, for what?
Bone marrow, this is where blood cells are made.
Joint is:
point where 2 or more bones meet
3 types of joints are?
hinge, pivot, ball and socket
what is hinge joint? and example
has movement in o in direction, knees, elbows
pivot joint is?
allows side to side direction, neck and spine
what is ball and socket, and example
roun d on one end and hollow end of the other, hip, shoulder
Cartilage is?
connective tissues that cushions the joint so that the bones don’t rub together
what is Synovial membrane and secretions?
lines the joint and secrets the synovial fluid, provides ease of movement
what is ligament:
strong band of connective tissue that hold the joints together
how many muscles in the body?
more than 500
3 kinds of muscles are?
voluntary, involuntary, cardiac
what is voluntary muscles?
you control these muscles, arm, leg
what is involuntary muscles?
work automatically, organs
what are cardiac muscles?
can only be found in the heart
what are 3 functions muscles provide?
- move your body
- provide support and posture
- provides body heat
Nervous system consists of?
- central nervous system - CNS
2. peripheral nervous system - PNS
CNS - consists of?
cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, mid brain and pons, spinal cord
Cerebrum is?
the centre of the brain used for thought and intelligence
2 halves of the brain are?
left and right hemisphere
outside the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex controls the highest functions of the brain:
reasoning, memory, speech, vision, hearing, sensation, voluntary muscles.
Cerebellum is:
co-ordinates and regulates body movements, balance
Brain stem is responsible for?
basis vital life function
what does the brain stem consists of?
contains mid brain, pons, medulla
mid brain and pons do?
relay messages between the medulla and cerebrum
medulla controls ?
heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing and vomiting
spinal cord is how long
approx. 45 cm
The spinal cord functions are:
contains pathways that conducts messages to and from the brain
Meninges is?
connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal fluid
Dura matter is:
tough outer layer next to the skull
Pia matter is?
middle layer, protects cerebrospinal fluid
Arachnoid is
inner layer that protects and cushions from shock
Neuron is?
transmits information
3 parts of a neuron is:
- dendrites receives the info
- nucleus is the cell brain that keeps the cell alive
- axon carries info away from the cell
PNS is?
Peripheral Nervous system
What parts does the Peripheral Nervous system have
12 parts of cranial nervous
31 parts of spinal cords
Cranial nerves are:
conduct impulses between the brain, neck, and chest, smell, sight, hearing, pain, touch and temp
Spinal nervous carry?
carry impulses from the skin
Autonomic nervous system has 2 parts:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic is:
Flight or fight
Parasympathetic is:
rest and recovery
Sympathetic signs are:
heart races, pupils dilate, increase blood pressure, muscle tension, shaken, sweaty palms, adrenalin, emotional, hair stand up
Parasympathetic signs are:
calm breathing, low blood pressure, reg pulse, pupils contract.
Sight has 3 parts:
Sclera - white part of the eye, made of tough connective tissues, including the cornea
Chorpid- blood vessels, ciliary muscles, iris(colour) contain pupil
Retina - inner layer of vision receptors flow between cornea and lens
Sight is protected by:
eye, tears, eye lashes, eyelids, blinking, bones and skull
Hearing has 3 parts:
- external part - pinna, sound waves are guided by the outer ear and into the auditory canal 2.5 cm
- middle ear - small space that contains Eustachian tubes (connects middle ear and throat)
- inner ear - canals that are semi-circular called cochlea - contains fluid
Inner ear - canals have?
fluid, carries sound waves, and regulates balance, senses position of the head
Taste have 4 receptors:
- bitter - back
- sweet - front
- salty - front side
- sour - back side
Smell receptors are located:
on the roof of the nasal cavity olfactory receptors, close to taste
touch receptors are found:
in the dermis of the skin
Posture / body alignment is:
the way in which body parts are positioned in relation to the other
Base support:
an area on which an object rests an adequate base support will prevent an object from tipping. Feet should be about 30 cm apart
Body mechanics -
the movement of the body. Proper body mechanics ensures the body moves in an efficient and care full way
Gait -
how someone moves to walk or moves around
Transfer -
move a person from one point to another, someone can bear some of the weight, using the clients assistance
Lift -
move the client from one place to another without assistance from the client. person can not bear any weight.
Mechanical lift -
a device that can elevate and move the person while in a special body sling. This device reduces the risk of injury to the support worker.
friction -
resistance skin encounters when it rubs against another surface like bedding, and skin on skin
Shearing -
tearing skin tissue caused when the skin sticks to a surface (usually the bed or chair) and deeper tissue move downward, exerting pressure of the skin.
Log rolling -
turing the person as a unit, in alignment with one motion. The clients knee may be bent if necessary, but the clients neck and spine should be turned in one step and never twisted.
Good body mechanics involves:
good posture and balance
how to have good body mechanics -
- use the strongest largest muscles
- reduces injury, fatigue, muscles pain
- make sure client position properly and check body alignment
- can cause muscle atrophy and contractures
Good posture when transferring includes:
- keep back straight
- use large muscles -don’t reach for heavy objects
- keep head up -raise bed and put rail down
- knee a wide base - hold objects close to your body
- face work area -bend knees
Moving positioning clients encludes:
- following policy - break into small steps
- check care plan - remember privacy
- assess safety, your and the clients - close door or window
- find help is necessary - watch catheters, IV tubing
- communicate to the helper - insure bed is wrinkle free
Rules of lifting or transferring a heavy object:
- wide base of support - face client area
- keep objects close - avoid bending or reaching
- use large muscles
- push or pull, rather then lift
- get help
Fowlers is:
a semi upright sitting position in bed
Low fowlers:
HOB 15 - 30*
Semi Fowlers:
HOB 30 - 45* - put foot of bed up to sit
High fowlers:
HOB 45 - 90* put foot of bed up to prevent sliding
Supine:
back laying, flat in bed
Lateral position:
side laying, bend upper knee for comfort, pillow between knees
Sims positioning -
left side laying right leg sharply flexed laying on left leg and partly on abdomen
Prone position -
laying on abdomen with head turned to one side
Sitting in a wheel chaired or chair should look like:
butt and back should be against the back of the chair, back straight, feet should be flat
Repositioning in wheel chair includes:
lock breaks, use transfer belt if they have one (waist band works well) , in front of the client using proper body mechanics, lift bottom up and back,
Complication of improper lifting is:
can fall, pressure sores, hard to breath, improper circulation
Position devices:
foot boards, cradle, trochanter roll, handgrips, splint
Ambulation is:
walking, start with short distances, ensure path is clear, proper foot wear, check care plan, use proper walking aids
Walking aids:
- crutches when one or both legs are weak
- ensure size is correct
- ensure they are in good repair
- ensure bolts are tight
Cane is provided when:
- support for the weaker leg
- strong side is the cane that supports the weak side
- walk close to the walker
braces can be:
- be leather, plastic, metal, worn to align a weak body part
- Monitor for edema, circulation, skin breakdown
- report and discomfort and redness to the nurse
Abduction is:
to move away from midline of the body
Adduction is:
moving a body part toward the midline if the body
Extension is:
straightening a body part
flexion is:
bending a body part
Hyperextension is:
excessive straightening of a body part
Dorsiflexion is:
bending toes and foot up at the ankle
Rotation is:
turning the joint
Internal rotation is
turing the joint inward
external rotation is
turning the joint outward
planter flexion is:
bending the foot down at the ankle
Pronation is:
turning downward
supination is
turning upward
