MOA's

Question 1

Organophosphates

Answer 1

inhibition of AChE activity

Question 2

Ivermectin

Answer 2

GABA receptor agonist

Question 3

Pyrethroid Pesticides

Answer 3

Bind voltage-gated Na channels

Question 4

Bromethalin

Answer 4

uncouple oxidative phosphorylation

Question 5

Antidepressants (Xanax-Alprazolam)

Answer 5

acts at limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic levels of CNS

Question 6

Sleep Aids (Zolpidem)

Answer 6

Binds at GABA receptor

Question 7

Slaframine (Mycotoxin)

Answer 7

Ach Mimic - acts on muscarinic receptors (agonist)

Question 8

Fumonisin

Answer 8

inhibits sphingosine-N-acetyltransferase –> increase in shinganine in blood

Question 9

Strychnine

Answer 9

competitive antagonist at post synaptic spinal cord and medulla glycine receptors. Glycine transmitter inhibitor. Muscle constantly activated

Question 10

Salt Toxicity

Answer 10

Na moves passively into CNS (increase volume/pressure)

Question 11

phenoxyacetatic acid herbicides

Answer 11

unknown

Question 12

ergot alkaloids

Answer 12

dopamine and serotonin receptor agonist

Question 13

ionophores

Answer 13

increase intracellular Na and Ca leading to mitochondrial swelling and cell death, esp in muscle

Question 14

tetanus

Answer 14

block release of GABA and glycine inhibitory pathway

Question 15

Anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 15

inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase and prevents formation of Vit K dependent clotting factors

Question 16

Nitrates

Answer 16

Converts ferrous iron in Hgb into ferric state forming methemoglobin–>O2 depletion in tissues

Question 17

Cardiac Glycosides

Answer 17

inhibit Na-K ATPase through competition with K for binding site

Question 18

Cyanide

Answer 18

Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

methylxanthines

Answer 19

competitive antagonist of adenosine receptors, prevents Ca reuptake

Question 20

Gossypol

Answer 20

chelates iron and causes anemia, reduces protein availability, inhibition of dehydrogenases leads to decrease energy and stress

Question 21

Cantharidin

Answer 21

inhibits protein phosphates

Question 22

Ethylene Glycol

Answer 22

metabolites produced by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 23

Vit D3

Answer 23

Vit D3 is metabolized to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 24

grapes and raisins

Answer 24

unknown

Question 25

acetaminophen

Answer 25

formation of metabolite NAPQI

Question 26

NSAIDS

Answer 26

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at high doses and inhibits COX-1/COX-2

Question 27

Arsenic

Answer 27

trivalent binds to -SH groups therefore disrupting cellular metabolism and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

Zinc

Answer 28

when zinc enters stomach, the acidic environment causes free zinc to be released forming zinc salts

Question 29

Phenol (disinfectants)

Answer 29

denatures and precipitates cellular proteins

Question 30

Zearalenone

Answer 30

estrogen receptor agonist

Question 31

bee venom

Answer 31

50% mellitus - detergent and hemolytic; causes pain and histamine release, 12% phospholipase A2- destroys membranes

Question 32

wasp venom

Answer 32

neurotoxins, alert pheromones, kinins (cause pain)

Question 33

ant venom

Answer 33

piperidine - dermal necrosis, formic acid - burning

Question 34

Ticks

Answer 34

Holocyclotoxin - impairs Ach release at neuromuscular junctions

Question 35

Toad poisoning

Answer 35

NA-K ATPase inhibition by competition with K

Question 36

Black widow

Answer 36

Alpha-latrotoxin - creates pores in membranes allowing Ca entry and releasing massive amounts of neurotoxin, causing sustained muscle spasms

Question 37

Brown recluse

Answer 37

several necrotizing enzymes - sphingomyelinase D - binds cell membranes and cleaves heads off lipids

Question 38

Snakes

Answer 38

Bungarotoxin - binding of Ach causing paralysis; nicotinic receptors

Question 39

Botulism

Answer 39

prevents release of Ach at neuromuscular junction causing paralysis