MOA - DM

Question 1

• Similarly to SU’s but at different site
• Stimulates insulin secretion from β-cells
• Requires glucose to stimulate insulin secretion

Answer 1

Meglitinides

Question 2

Binds the peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) enhancing insulin sensitivity at skeletal muscle, liver, and fat cells

Answer 2

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - Insulin Sensitizers

Question 3

Centrally reverses metabolic changes that’s associated with insulin resistance and obesity

Answer 3

Dopamine Agonist

Question 4

• Reduces glucose in circulation by facilitating uptake into insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues
• Inhibits hepatic glucose output and glucagon secretion

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

Increases insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose levels (>90mg/dL)

• Suppresses glucagon secretion
• Slows gastric emptying - Increases satiety
• Stimulates β-cell life, fx, and upregulates

Answer 5

Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Agonists

Question 6

Delays breakdown of sucrose and complex CHO to glucose and other monosaccharides by inhibiting maltase, isomaltase, sucrose, and glucoamylase in the small intestine

• Reduces post-prandial blood glucose increase
• Glucose, lactose, and fructose not affected

Answer 6

α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Question 7

• Inhibits SGLT2 which reduces glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules
• Lowers renal threshold for glucose which increases urinary glucose excretion

Answer 7

Selective Na+ Dependent Glucose CoTransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2)

Question 8

Prevents degradation of incretins

• increases insulin secretion,
• decreases glucagon secretion (glucose-dependent)

Answer 8

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

Question 9

Suppress high postprandial glucagon secretion
Slows gastric emptying - Increases satiety + wgt loss
Slows rate of glucose appearing in plasma

Answer 9

Synthetic Amylin Analogue (Hormone)

Question 10

• Decreases liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. -Increases insulin sensitivity in fat and peripheral tissues
• Slows intestinal absorption of sugars

Answer 10

Biguanides - Insulin Sensitizers

Question 11

Binds bile acids/salts in small intestine for excretion; Then cholesterol is pulled from BF and converted into more bile acids. reducing blood cholesterol.
May reduce hepatic insulin resistance and decrease hepatic glucose/intestinal glucose.

Answer 11

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Question 12

Binds to sulfonylurea receptors on pancreatic β cells and stimulates insulin secretion.

Answer 12

Sulfonylureas (SU) - Insulin Secretagogues