MOA and class of ALL case study drugs Flashcards
hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone
Corticosteroid: Binds to glucocorticoid receptors – induces changes in gene expression.
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis via actions on TF
Prostaglandins are inflammatory mediators.
Structurally similar to cortisol.
they also limit the migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation
mehotrexate
DMARD - disease modifying anti rheumatic drug- maintenance
Directly inhibit cell proliferation and inhibit wide range of cytokines including interleukins, interferons and TNFalpha -(inflammatory mediators)
- Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor – this enzyme is used for thymine synthesis which is used to make DNA
- Prevents synthesis of pyrimidine (used for DNA/RNA bases)
BOTH = immune cells cannot produce autoimmune antibodies
Folic acid
Synthetic vit B9 (folate) : Converted into tetrahydrofolic acid (THF).
Undergoes methylation – to be used in DNA/RNA bases.
salbutamol, Formoterol
SABA Increase FEV1
Act on beta 2 adrenoceptors to induce bronchodilation.
Bind to B2AR, activate adenylyl cyclase, atpcAMP, activate protein kinase A, close Ca2+ chanells and open K+(change in membrane potential), inhibition of MLC-phos
= airway relaxation
tiotropium, glycopyrrinium
LAMA
Act on muscarinic receptors – antagonise
Blocks parasympathetic bronchoconstriction by preveting ach binding to M3 receptors which would normally induce inc of calcium and lead to contraction of airwatys. Long acting due to slow receptor dissociation
latanaprost
Selectively stimulates the prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor dereasing intraocular pressure via increasing outflow of aquous humor in eye.
beclometasone
Inhaled corticosteroid Prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from cells and inhibit the activity of inflammatory cells.
risedronate, alendronic acid
bisphosphonate: Decreases the rate of bone resorption (where bone tissue is broken down, allowing minerals such as calcium to enter the bloodstream)
carbosistine
mucolytic: Mops up reactive oxygen species and, therefore, prevents cell death of lung cells, which would be caused by reactive oxygen species activating apoptosis pathways.
A balance of different glycoproteins controls the viscosity of mucus.
clarithromycin
macrolide antibiotic
Targets ribosome. Binds to the 50S unit of the ribosome, preventing amino acid translocation and, therefore, preventing the formation of the peptide chain.
ipartropium
Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system to induce bronchodilation.
Non-selective M3 antagonist.
Can also inhibit mucus secretion
adcal D3
Colecalciferol with calcium carbonate
nystatin
Polyene antifungal
Inhibits fungal growth
sulfasalazine
aminosalucylatate. inhibit leukotrienes and prostaglandins by blocking the cyclooxygenase pathway. Anti-inflammatory
co-amoxiclav
Beta lactam antibiotic
Binds to penicillin binding protein found on many bacteria and create a covalent bond, preventing the growth and replication of the bacterium.
The acid increases the effectivity of the amoxicillin present in the drug
Contains 1.Amoxicillin, an antibiotic that belongs to the penicillins 2.Clavulanic acid, which helps the amoxicillin work better by reducing drug resistance.
metronidazole
Enters cell via passive diffusion
Interferes with DNA replication
lansoprazole
PPI Creates disulfide bridge with the proton pump to block it. Stops secretion of gastric acid
loreazepam, diazepam
Benzodiazepine
Used for the short-term management of anxiety
Occupy the binding site of GABAa receptors, causing a conformational change, leading to GABA binding. This causes a greater flow of chloride ions into the neurone leading to hyperpolarisation of the membrane and therefore, inhibition of signalling
infliximab
Monoclonal antibody TNF alpha inhibitor
TNF alpha is a chemical messenger the immune system produces that induces inflammation.
Activated primarily by macrophages
amlodopine
Calcium channel blocker
Calcium influx into heart muscle cells leads to contraction, and calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle leads to vasoconstriction. By blocking the calcium channel, the influx of calcium is limited.
This leads to vasodilation, decreased contraction and overall reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.
Think Calcium = Contraction
used in hypertension to lower BP
bisoprolol, atenolol
- Selectively blocks beta 1 adrenoceptors mainly found in the heart and kidney. Blocking this reduces the adrenaline effect on the heart = causing a slower heart rate and relaxed blood vessels
- Reduced sympathetic drive od adrenaline to the heart – reducing cardiac output
atorvastatin, simvistatin
statins
The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol
Statins inhibit this enzyme to therefore, stop the synthesis of cholesterol and, therefore, reduce plasma cholesterol levels
The reduction of plasma cholesterol leads to the upregulation of LDL (bad cholesterol) receptors in the liver, leading to the uptake of cholesterol from the plasma into the liver, therefore also lowering plasma cholesterol levels
apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban
DOAC - direct oral anti coagulant
Apixaban and rivaroxaban are oral reversible inhibitors of activated factor X.
Clotting factors and thromboplastin activate factor X. Activated factor X converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, when stable, leads to clotting.
zopiclone
z-drug
Similar to benzodiazepines
They have a short half-life and bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on GABAa receptors:
causing a conformational change, facilitating GABA binding. This causes a greater flow of chloride ions into the neurone leading to hyperpolarisation of the membrane and therefore, inhibition of signalling
GABA promotes relaxation. Low GABA activity is linked to insomnia and sleep disrorders