Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MNT2 Final > MNT for Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities > Flashcards

MNT for Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Disabilities: Characteristics and Causes

A
  • Severe chronic disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical impairments

Causes:

  • fetal abnormalities
  • birth defects
  • metabolic and chromosomal disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Developmental Disabilities:

Functional Limitations x7

A
  • Self-care – need help with normal ADLs (grocery shopping, meal planning, feeding, etc)
  • Language
  • Learning
  • Mobility
  • Self-direction – need cueing and supervision
  • Independence
  • Economic self-sufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intellectual Disabilities:

Characteristics and Causes

A
  • Below-average intellectual functioning along with functional limitations

Causes:

  • Congenital abnormalities
  • neuromuscular dysfunction
  • neurologic disorders
  • prematurity
  • cerebral palsy
  • untreated inborn errors of metabolism
  • environmental toxins (pesticide consumption, mercury exposure, lead, heavy metal consumption)
  • nutrient deficiencies - malnutrition in general and raw nutrient deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anthropometric Measures in I/D Disabled

A
  • many of these patients may not be able to stand up; may be contracted
    WEIGHT: chair scales, bucket scales
    HEIGHT: arm span, knee height, sitting height
    BODY COMP: circumferences, skin folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biochemical Measures in I/D Disabled

A
  • there are no specific measures, but assess if you suspect anything (most will be deficient)

Down Syndrome - thyroid status (common for downs to have hypothyroidism)

Prader-Willi Syndrome - glucose tolerance test; also monitor for diabetes (tend to have growth hormone def. which is needed to produce insulin like growth factor and insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dietary intake in I/D Disabled

A

Diet history - want to try to get complete diet history

also want to get information about their diet environment: when they eat, where, surroundings, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Energy needs in I/D Disabled

A
  • estimate energy needs based on height
  • bc with many of these, overweight and obesity is common, as well as short stature
  • measured in Kcal/cm/d
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Feeding problems in in I/D Disabled Individuals x5

A

Oral-motor: difficulty sucking, swallowing, chewing
> change the nipple or change the formula

Positioning: motor development, head control, trunk stability, ability to have hips and legs at right angle

Behavioral: lack of autonomy, environmental factors
> many get distracted from outside environment

Self-feeding: may require training and adaptive feeding equipment

Parents reaction: dont force them to eat, don’t use food as a reward or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Down Syndrome: Health concerns x6

A
  • Delayed growth and development
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Overweight
  • Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
  • Poor suck in infancy
  • Short stature

risk factor: age of mother > women over age 35 when having children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Down Syndrome: Interventions for overweight

A
  • Energy needs
    > Girls 14.3 kcals/cm
    > Boys 16.1 kcals/cm
  • regular eating schedule without distractions
  • limit high-fat foods and added sugars
  • encourage physical activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Down Syndrome: Interventions for Feeding Skills

A
  • timing of weaning

- progression to solid foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Down Syndrome: Interventions for Constipation

A
  • Encourage fluids

- Fiber: 5-6 grams + year of age after age 3, 14g/1000 kcal’s (DRI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Health Concerns

A
  • Hypotonia - weak suck, failure to thrive, gastroesophageal reflux
  • Insatiable appetite - never satisfied, constantly hungry, always wanting to eat
  • Obesity
  • Decreased insulin response
  • Behavioral problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Nutrition Assessment

A
  • Body composition and fat distribution
  • Energy needs
    > Growth: 10-11 kcals/cm
    > Weight loss: 8.5 kcals/cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Interventions

A

INFANCY - concentrate formula or breast milk, SFM (concern is reflux)

TODDLER/PRESCHOOL AGE - structured meal patterns (only eat at certain times)

SCHOOL AGE - environmental controls (lock cabinets, lock fridge)

ADULTHOOD - behavior modification (teach them techniques to get them to stick to patterns)

  • After about age 1 – associated with insatiable appetite
  • Under age 1 – have poor suck > many have FTT > so you’re concern is under-nutrition/malnutrition &raquo_space;> infancy = concern is with malnutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spina Bifida: what is it

A

neural tube defect > fails to develop properly or close properly > develops outside the spinal column and thus requires surgery

17
Q

Spina Bifida: Prevention

A

folic acid supplementation before conception and during pregnancy

18
Q

Spina Bifida: Health Concerns

A
  • muscle weakness
  • paralysis
  • Pressure ulcers
  • constipation
  • obesity - due to lack of mobility
  • latex allergy - bc they are exposed to latex frequently and early in life
  • urinary tract infections - bc of nerves that innervate the bladder
  • swallowing difficulty
19
Q

Spina Bifida: Energy Needs

A
  • Maintain weight: 9-11 kcals/cm

- Weight loss: 7 kcals/cm

20
Q

Spina Bifida: Interventions

A
  • fluids and fiber (for constipation)
  • supplements and protein for wound healing (for pressure ulcers)
  • cranberry juice for UTI
  • dysphagia diet
  • latex allergy: avoid bananas, avocados, kiwi
21
Q

Cerebral Palsy: Health Concerns

A

(disorder of motor control; lack of coordination > damage to the brain > muscles are fine, problem with signaling from brain to muscles)

  • growth problems
  • failure to thrive
  • feeding problems
  • constipation
  • gastroesophageal reflux
  • **low bone density
22
Q

Cerebral Palsy: Interventions

A
  • Energy needs
    > mild: 14 kcals/cm
    > severe: 11 kcals/cm
  • Delay progression to solid foods
  • Concentrate formula or breast milk
  • Fiber and fluids
  • Calcium and Vitamin D (for low bone density)
23
Q

Autism: Characteristics

A
  • impairment in social interaction
  • poor communication skills
  • repetitive and stereotypical behavior
  • intellectual compromise
  • asberger syndrome - normal to high cognitive levels
24
Q

Autism: Signs/Symptoms

A
  • lack of eye contact
  • abnormal responses to touching or affection (don’t like to be touched)
  • inability to follow object visually
  • not responding to own name
  • lack of facial expressions
25
Q

Autism: Potential Causes x12

A
  • Toxins in environment or food: pesticides, mercury, lead (HFCS processing involved mercury)
  • Nutritionally deficient diet: vitamin D def.
  • Immune system problems (autism tend to have poor guts)
  • oxidative stress
  • alterations in neurotransmitters
  • gluten, casein (might have difficulty digesting)
  • advanced parental age
  • low birth weight
  • multiple births
  • viral infection during first trimester
  • bacterial infection during second trimester
  • inflammation
26
Q

Autism: Feeding Problems

A
  • developmental delays relating to self-feeding
  • strong dislikes, picky eating
  • fixation on one food
  • food jags
  • need consistent routine
  • sensory processing (sensitivity to sound, too many colors on plate)
27
Q

Autism: Interventions

A
  • limit processed and refined foods (artificial colors, flavors, preservatives, HFCS, artificial sweeteners)
  • Elimination Diets
    > gluten and casein free
    > LEAP protocol - involves testing of inflammatory mediators; Eliminate foods one by one and measure markers of elimination in the body/by the body; Inflammatory cytokines (interleukins, TNF alpha, histamine)
28
Q

Autism: Interventions - Supplements x6

A
  • Omega-3 fatty acids – anti-inflammatory, patients with autism have altered ratios of omega-3 to omega-6
  • Glutathione – anti-oxidant; can help reduce oxidative stress
  • Vitamin D – deficiency is associated with autism (a lot of it has to do with low levels in the mother as well); shown to help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation
  • Digestive enzymes and probiotics – because autism pt have digestive complications > enzymes to help break down fats and proteins
  • Vitamin B6 and magnesium – tends to be associated with lower severity of these behavioral problems > most patients don’t need to take B6 and magnesium specifically because a multivitamin will take care of it
  • Antioxidant vitamins and minerals
29
Q

Nutrition Interventions for D/I Disabilities

A

Nutrition Assessment

  • medications may cause anorexia (many meds suppress appetite)
  • behavioral feeding problems

Interventions

  • avoid artificial food colorings (link to hyperactivity)
  • eliminate sugar and caffeine
  • structured meal times
  • small servings, followed by refills
  • limit distractions during meals
  • essential fatty acid supplementation (may not met normally or absorb optimally)
  • behavioral therapy

MNT2 Final (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions