MNSs and Kell Flashcards
Who Discovered MNSs?
Landsteiner and Levine
MNSs Year of Discovery
1927
MNSs composed of how many antigens?
40
TRUE OR FALSE: MNSs is found on SECRETIONS
FALSE: Found on RBC and some tissues
MNSs is used in what testing?
Paternity Testing
Anti-M Lectins:
Iberis amara
Anti-N Lectins:
Vicia graminea, Bauhinia variegata, Bauhinia purpura
Genes for MNSs are traced at
Chromosome 4q28-q31
(Long arm of Chromosome 4, Band 28-31)
Alleles that are codominant in MNSs
GYPA AND GYPB
Codes for Glycophorin A
GYPA
Considered as ancestral gene
GYPA
Number of exons in GYPA
7 exons
Codes for Glycophorin B
GYPB
Numer of exons in GYPB
5 exons, 1 noncoding exon (pseudoexon)
TRUE OR FALSE: MNSs antigens are POORLY developed at birth
FALSE - MNSs antigens are FULLY developed at birth
MNSs antigens are attached to the
Glycophorin proteins
Proteins that are Sialic acid-rich are called
Sialoglycoproteins
M and N are at the (blank) of GPA
Extreme Terminus
(Blank) and (Blank) are also expressed in Renal Endothelium and Epithelium
GPA and GPB
N antigen is defined by what amino acids?
Leucine and Glutamic acid
M and N antigens resides at (blank) of the (blank)
Glycophorin A of the RBC Membrane
M antigen are define by what amino acids?
Serine and Glycine
How many copies of GPA per RBC?
200,000 to 1,000,000 copies of GPA
S and s antigens are discovered at what year?
1947 (S)
1951 (s)
Who discovered S antigen?
Walsh and Carmel Montgomery
s antigen was discovered at what year?
1951
S and s antigens are found in (blank) on (blank)
Glycophorin B on RBC membrane
S antigen amino acid
Methionine
s antigen amino acid
Threonine
How many copies of GPB per RBC?
50,000 to 250,000 copies per RBC
U antigens are found on (blank) on (blank)
Glycophorin B on RBC Membrane
Considered as “Universal Antigen”
U antigen
“High Incidence” antigen
U antigen
Found on all individual except 1% of African Americans
U antigen
Who discovered U antigen?
Weiner
At what year did Weiner discovered U antigen via Anti-U?
1953
RBC with U antigen carries (blank) and (blank) antigens
S and s antigens
Carries S and s antigens
U antigen
M and N are easily destroyed by what enzymes?
Ficin, Papain, Bromelin, Trypsin, Pronase
TRUE OR FALSE: S and s and EASILY destroyed by enzymes
FALSE: S and s are LESS easily destroyed by enzymes
What enzymes destroy S and s activity?
Ficin, Papain, Bromelin, Pronase, Chymotrypsin
Anount of degradation of S and s activity may depend on (blank), (blank) and (blank)
Strength of enzyme solution, Length of Treatment, Enzyme-to-cell ratio
What enzymes cannot destroy S and s?
Trypsin, Dithiothreitol, Glycine-acid EDTA
Term used to describe a pair of antigens that are coded by different alleles of a single gene.
Antithetical
Frequency of U in Whites
99.90%
Frequency of U in blacks?
99%
Frequency of s in whites?
89%
Frequency of s in blacks?
93%
Least frequent antigen in Whites?
S: 55%
Least frequent antigen in Blacks
S: 31%
Do not bind complement and does not cause HDN or HTR
Anti-M and Anti-N
Cold reactive saline agglutinins
Anti-M and Anti-N
Anti M and Anti N is enhanced with
acidification
Anti M and Anti N reacts best
4C
This antibody has enhanced reaction at pH 6.5
Anti-M
Observed from multiparous women
Anti-M
Common in children and in patients with bacterial infection
Anti - M
Can demonstrate dosage
Anti-M and Anti-N
Less common antibody
Anti-N
Specific at Alkaline pH
Anti-N
IgM, rarely natural
Anti M and Anti N
Anti M and Anti N is formed due to (blank) or (blank)
Transfusion or Pregnancy
Some are IgG
Anti-N
Reacts better with M-N+ than M+N+
Anti-N
Anti-N reacts better with (blank) than (blank)
(M-N+) than (M+N+)
Observed in renal patients where dialysis machinen is sterilized with formalin
Anti-N
Anti-N is observed in (blank) where (blank) machine is sterilized with (blank)
Renal patients, dialysis, formalin
Anti-S and Anti-s reacts best at
37C, some reacts at 10C and 22C
Both are IgG and in AHG Phase
Anti-S and anti-s
If anti-S and anti-s specificity is suspected but pattern activity is unclear, what will you do?
Incubate test at room temperature and perform AHG immediately
Binds complement and can cause HDFN and HTR with Hemoglobinuria
Anti-S and Anti-s
May exhibit dosage effect
Anti-S and anti-s
An IgG enhanced with enzyme treatment
Anti-U
Reacts at 37C and AHG phase
Anti-U
Can cause HDFN and HTR and decreased Red Cell Survival
Anti-U
Some individuals have altered GPA and that their antibody is specific for a portion of the common antigen they lack
Autoantibodies
Year of S antigen discovery
1947
Year of s antigen discovery
1951
1% of african american (1-35% africans)
No U antigens
Both Highly homologous alleles
GYPA and GYPB
ISBT # of MNSs
002
Kell ISBT
006
Anti-K was first discovered in the (blank) of (blank)
serum; mrs. kelleher
mrs. kelleher serum reacted with the RBCs of her (blank), (blank), and (blank)
newborn infant, older daughter, and her husband
Anti-K discovered on (blank) by (blank)
1946; robin coombs
high prevalence antigen discovered on 1949
antithetical “k” or cellano
cellano first described by
levine and group
described first on 1957
Kpa antigen and null phenotype (Ko)
Kpa antigen and null phenotype (Ko) were first described on
1957
first described on 1958
Jsa and Kpb
Jsa named after
John Sutter
Kpb year?
1958
Jsb first described in what year?
1963
Both Jsa and Jsb were officially added to Kell in what year?
1965
In 1965, Both (blank) and (Blank) were added to Kell System.
Jsa and Jsb
K11 antigen first reported in?
1971
Kpc antigen joined the kell system in this year
1979
What happened in 1965 in Kell?
Jsa and Jsb added to Kell Antigen
What happened in year 1949 in Kell?
Discovery of Cellano “k”
What happened in 1985
Low incidence K24 was found
Kel gene is found on ?
Chromosome 7q33/34 (Long arm of Chromosome 7, band 33-34)
Kel gene has how many exons?
19 exons
(blank) are due to single base mutations that results in amino acid substitution
Kell antigens
Kell antigens are due to single base mutations that results in (blank)
Amino acid substitutions
The site of the different kell genes that produce antigens
Kell locus
5 sets of alleles that produce Kell system’s antithetical antigens
K and k
Kpa and Kpb
Jsa and Jsb
K11 and K17
K14 and K24
Kell is member of (blank) family
Neprilysin Family
Kell antigens are located on
Type 2 glycoprotein with 731 amino acids
N terminal domain is (blank)
intracellular
large external (blank) domain
C terminal
C terminal domain is highly folded by (blank)
Disulfide linkages
C terminal domain is highly folded by disulfide linkages and has (blank) amino acids with (blank) cystein residues
665 amino acids with 15 cysteine residues
The glycoprotein of Kell is linked with (blank)
XK protein
The glycoprotein is linked with XK protein by a disulfide bond at (blank) of (blank) to the (blank) of the XK glycoprotein
Cys72 of Kell protein to the Cys347 of XK glycoprotein
Kell antigen expression is dependent on presence of (blank)
XK protein
Kell antigens are only found on
RBCs
Kell antigens appear on (blank) earlier than Rh proteins
Fetal red cells
Kell glycoprotein has been characterized as a
Zinc Endopeptidase
Kell glycoprotein has been characterized as a Zinc Endopeptidase which is central to (blank) and (blank)
Zinc Binding and Catalytic activity
K is also known as
Kell
K can be detected on fetal RBC as early as
10 weeks gestation
K antigen has how many sites per RBC
3,500 to 18,000 per RBC
Very immunogenic (2nd to D)
K
Also known as ‘cellano’
k
k is also known as
Cellano
detected as early as 7 weeks
k
k antigen is detected as early as
7 weeks
Penny is also known as
Kpa
Kpa also known as
Penny
Low prevalence mutation result of Kpb
Kpa
found in 2% of whites
Kpa
Gene encoding antigen is associated with suppression of other kell antigens
Kpa
Also known as Rautenberg
Kpb
Also known as Kpb
Rautenberg
Antithetical to Jsb antigen
Jsa
Found in 20% of blacks
Jsa
High prevalence antigens of Kell
k, Kpb, Jsb
low prevalence antigens of kell
K, Kpa,Jsa
Kell is resistant to
Ficin and Papain
Kell is sensitive to
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
Kell is destroyed by
Glycine-acid EDTA
Kell is sensitive to treatment with (blank) (SPECIFY)
SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS
2-mercaptoethanol
Dithiothreitol
2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide
Reduces disulfide bonds of protein
Sulfhydryl Reagents
A patient red cells lack the entire Kell glycoprotein
K0 - Kell Null Phenotype
No Kell antigens
Kell Null Phenotypes
Kell Null Phenotype is identified by
Bruce Chown, Marion Lewis, Kiroko Kaita
Kell null Phenotype year of discovery
1957
Most encountered antibody next to ABO and Rh
Anti-K
Kell antibody is usually (Blank), and predominantly (blank)
IgG, IgG1
Anti-K reacts at
AHG Phase (IAT)
Anti-K is stimulated by
Pragnancy or Transfusion
Anti-K also have reports of IgM stimulated by
Bacterial infections
Anti-K is associated with (blank) and (blank)
sever HTR and severe HDFN
Anti-K, patients should receive (blank)
antigen-negative blood
Not commonly detected Kell Antibodies
Anti-Kpa
Anti-Kpb
Anti-Kpc
Anti-Jsa
Anti-Jsb
Kell antigens found in whites
Kpa
Kell antigens found in asians
Kpc
Kell antigens common in blacks
Jsa
