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MNSR - MCQ > MNSR 2 - Skeleton: Bone and Ossification > Flashcards

MNSR 2 - Skeleton: Bone and Ossification Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton in the vertebrates is composed of…

A

bone and cartilage.

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2
Q

What are the five primary functions of the bone?

A

Support
Storage (Calcium and lipids)
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage

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3
Q

What are the three main types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts (formation)
Osteocytes (regulation)
Osteoclasts (resorption)

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4
Q

Bone is composed of a hard __________ secreted by the osteoblasts.

A

matrix

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5
Q

What are the two main components of bone matrix? Give the percentage

A

80% inorganic CaPO4 in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

20% is organic and mainly type I collagen protein

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6
Q

What are the two type of bone?

A

Spongy (cancellous) and compact

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7
Q

Where are spongy bones located?

A

Medullary cavity of long bones

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8
Q

What does spongy bone form?

A

forms networks of fine irregular plates called TRABECULAE separated by interconnecting spaces and is highly porous

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9
Q

Compact bone is a…

A

dense and hard connective tissue which forms the shaft of the long bones.

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10
Q

Compact bone is composed of columns running parallel to the long axis called…

A

Haversian system or osteon

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11
Q

What does the Haversian system consist of?

A

These consist of a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels and nerves which branch through the bone.

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12
Q

Surrounding the canal are concentrically arranged small cavities called ___________ which in life contain the bone cells.

A

Lacunae

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13
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are essentially embedded inactive mature osteoblasts.

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14
Q

Osseous lacunae are connected together by a system of radiating small canals called…

A

Canaliculi

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15
Q

What do canaliculi contain?

A

These contain fine cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes and allow the supply of nutrients to the cells from the Haversian canal.

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16
Q

What is the periosteum/endosteum?

A

External surface of the bone is covered by a dense fibrous layer called the periosteum into which are inserted the muscles, tendons and ligaments.

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A

2 layers: outer fibrous and inner cellular layer

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18
Q

What do the two layers in the periosteum contain?

A

Both layers contain progenitor cells which can differentiate into osteoblasts for formation.

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19
Q

What happens due to periosteal damage?

A

Can interrupt bone healing.

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20
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts are large phagocytic
multinucleate cells (derived from blood monocytes)
capable of eroding and reabsorbing bone.

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21
Q

What is the long bone divided into?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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22
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

23
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

Yellow marrow

24
Q

What is bone turnover?

A

Bone is continually being eroded and deposit.

25
Q

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to continually…

A

to shape bones, the entire skeleton is said to be replaced every 10 years.

26
Q

What is the somatic skeleton divided into?

A

The somatic skeleton is divided into two parts the Axial skeleton and the Appendicular skeleton.

27
Q

What is the axial part of a skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum), ribs (12), and sternum

28
Q

What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?

A

PECTORAL GIRDLE: 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae;

UPPER LIMB: humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges;

PELVIC GIRDLE: 2 hip or innominate bones (ilium, ischium, pubis);

LOWER LIMB: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges;
additional bones called sesamoid bones develop in tendons as they turn corners, the patella or knee cap is an example.

29
Q

The vertebrae form the main girder on which the weight of the body is carried is divided into five regions all based on the same plan but with regional variations which are:

A

CERVICAL (7);
THORACIC (12);
LUMBAR (5);
SACRAL (5);
CAUDAL (4 fused as Coccyx)

30
Q

In mammals the number of vertebrae varies though it appears the ancestral mammals had…

A

27 presacral (we have 24)

31
Q

What two principals do all vertebrae have?

A

a centrum and a neural arch

32
Q

Between each vertebra is an…

A

intervertebral disc of fibrocartilage

33
Q

Neural arch forms a canal through which runs the…

A

spinal cord

34
Q

What are the seven processes on each vertebra?

A

1 neural spine (process);

2 transverse processes;

2 superior articular processes (anterior zygapophyses);

2 inferior articular processes (posterior zygapophyses);

35
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae?

A

The transverse processes articulate with the ribs.
In mammals there are no ribs attached to the cervical vertebrae.

36
Q

Lumbar vertebrae have no ribs but long …

A

transverse processes

37
Q

What is the cartilage?

A

Cartilage is a semi-rigid form of supporting tissue largely made of an extracellular ground substance of proteoglycan aggregates.

38
Q

In the ground substance of cartilage there are varying proportions of…

A

Collagen (Type II) and elastic fibres.

39
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline- articulations
Elastic- pinna
Fibro- vertebral disks

40
Q

How is the dermal skeleton formed, what is this process called, and where is it found?

A

It is formed from mesenchyme sheets in the embryo by osteoblasts which convert fetal connective tissue to bone.

This process is called intramembranous ossification.

Dermal bones are found only in the skull, jaw and pectoral girdle

41
Q

What are the two divisions of a skeleton?

A

Somatic skeleton: most of the skeleton, we will look at later.

Visceral skeleton: only found in larynx, tracheal cartilages, ossicles;
the visceral skeleton arose in the lower.

Vertebrates as a series of bars supporting the gill apparatus.

42
Q

In the developing fetus, a preformed hyaline cartilage skeletal
model is replaced by a process called…

A

Endochondral Ossification

43
Q

There are several steps to endochondral ossification, go through each step by step.

A

Chondrocytes near centre of shaft increase in size. As they expand the lacunae get bigger and the struts begin to calcify.

Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium. Cells at the perichondrium differentiate into ostoeblasts which calcify the shaft of cartilage. The perichondrium becomes periosteum.

Blood supply increases; cartilaginous matrix breaks down, bone spicules form at 1 degree ossification site (in the Diaphysis) spreading to both epiphysis. Note-there is no marrow cavity yet, just spongy bone.

Bone enlarges- osteoclasts erode trabeculae at the centre of the diaphysis forming a marrow cavity.

Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epiphysis and a 2 degree site of calcification occurs.

The epiphysis ossifies. It is separated from the diaphysis by an epiphyseal plate (cartilage plate in the metaphysis).

44
Q

What are the zones of ossification?

A

A. Zone of Proliferation
B. Zone of Hypertrophy
C. Zone of Calcification

45
Q

Damage to the blood supply can result in…

A

death (necrosis) of the bony tissue;
if this affects the growing end of a bone in children, normal development is delayed or prevented.

46
Q

Too much natural growth hormone (e.g., Pituitary tumour) before the epiphyses have united leads to…

A

gigantism

47
Q

Too much natural growth hormone (eg Pituitary tumour) after the epiphyses have united leads to…

A

acromegaly (large extremities)

48
Q

Achondroplasia (normal head and trunk, short limbs) is a genetic condition due to a…

A

rare autosomal dominant gene mutation.

49
Q

What are the two types of non-synovial joints?

A

Fibrous joints - for example the sutures in the skull.

Cartilaginous joints - for example the symphyses, in the midline of the body.

50
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Where freedom of movement is required; the articular surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and between them is the synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid.

51
Q

What are the two degrees of cartilaginous joints?

A

1st degree cartilaginous: Bone - hyaline cartilage - bone; All ossify except first rib-sternum;

2nd degree cartilaginous: Bone - hyaline - fibrocartilaginous disc - hyaline - bone; symphyses, in the midline of the body.
as age advances, cartilaginous joints may ossify.

52
Q

_______________ is specialised tissue that produces synovial fluid for lubrication.

A

Synovium

53
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

is a skeletal disorder where bone strength is reduced and there is an increased risk of fracture.

MNSR - MCQ (5 decks)

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