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Mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

Live attenuated Vaccines

A

LIVE! one night only! see SMALL YELLOW ROTATING CHICKENS get vaccinated with SABIN AND MMR! IT’S INcredible .

Live attenuated: Small pox, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, Chickenpox, Sabin polio, MMR, Influenza (intranasal)

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2
Q

Killed Vaccines

A

SalK=Killed

RIP Always

Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio and HAV vaccines

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3
Q

Positive Stranded RNA Viruses

A

I went to a RETRO TOGA party where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY CALIFORNIA PICKLES

retrovirus, togavirus, flavivirus, coronavirus, hepevirus, calcivirus, picornavirus

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4
Q

Segmented Viruses

A

BOAR

Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus, Reovirus

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5
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin clinical use-extended spectrum

A

ampicillin/amoxicillin HHELPSS kill enterococci

H.influenzae, H.pylori, E.Coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella

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6
Q

Organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins

A

Organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins are LAME

Listeria, Atypicals (chlamydia, mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci (except Ceftaroline covers MRSA)

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7
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

2nd generation-HEN PEcKS and gram positive cocci

Haemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.Coli, Klebseilla, Serratia

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8
Q

Macrolides Toxicity

A

MACRO

gastrointestinal MOTILITY issues, ARRYTHMIAS caused by prolonged QT, acute CHOLESTATIC hepatitis, RASH, eOSINOPHILIA, also inhibit cytochrome p450 (except azithromycin)

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9
Q

Genes for 5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage

Form of specialized transduction in bacterial genetics

A

ABCDE

shigA like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphteria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes
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10
Q

Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy

A

SAFe Children Take Really Good Care

Sulfonamides-kernicterus
Aminoglycosides-ototoxicity
Fluroquinolones-cartilage damage
Clarithromycin-embryotoxic
Tetracyclines-teeth discoloration, inhibition bone growth
Ribavirin-teratogen
Griseofulvin-teratogen
Chloramphenicol-grey baby syndrome
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11
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

A

NAACP

Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Parasites (invasive)
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12
Q

Pathology Associated with Target Cells

A

HALT said the hunter to his target

HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

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13
Q

LEAD

A

Lead Lines on gingiva (burton’s line) and metaphyses of long bone on x ray

Encephalopathy and Erythrocyte basophilic stippling
Abdoinal colic and sideroblastic Anemia

Drops-wrist and foot drop. Dimercaprol and eDTA=1st line tx

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14
Q

Iron chelation for kids

A

Succimer

It sucks to be a kid who eats lead

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15
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias

Warm Agglutinin and Cold Agglutinin

A

Warm weather is Great; Warm agglutinin (IgG)

Cold weather is MMMiserable; Cold Agglutinin (IgM)

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16
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria presenting symptoms

A

5 P’s

Painful abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Port wine colored urine
Psychological disturbances
Precipitated by drugs
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17
Q

Multiple Myeloma Symptoms

A

CRAB

hyperCalcemia
Renal involvement
Anemia
Bone lytic lesions/Back pain

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18
Q

Causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Anion Gap=Sodium- (Chloride + Bicarbonate)

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol, Paraldehyde
Isoniazid/Iron
Lactic Acidosis
Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze)
Salicylates (aspirin)
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19
Q

Post splenectomy there is higher risk of which encapsulated organisms?

A

decreased IgM-decreased complement activation-decreased opsonization=increased susceptibility to encapsulated organisms

SHiNE SKiS
Streptococcus pneumoniaie
Haemophilus influenza type B
Neisseria meningitidis
E. Coli
Salmonella spp
Kleibsella pneumoniaie
Group b Streptococcus
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20
Q

Para aortic Lymph Node

A

testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus are area of body drained

Para TOKUt

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21
Q

Superior Mesenteric Lymph Node

A

Lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon to splenic flexure

Superior DJ Ill messed up some colons and commas

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22
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Lymph Node

A

Colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum

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23
Q

Internal Iliac Lymph Node

A

Lower rectum to anal canal (above pectinate line), bladder, vagina (middle third), prostate

The Internist’s Silly dilemna: To read the LR annals (lower rectum to anal canal) which are above and beyond boring (above the pectinate line), or read the Blogs (Bladder) or watch the Vast Videos (Vagina) or listen to news from the Press (prostate)?

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24
Q

Superficial inguinal

A

Anal canal (below pectinate line), skin below umbilicus (except popliteal territory and glans of the penis), scrotum

The Superficial inguinal (superficial ingeniero) looked to cool off his inguinal skin regions before working on his projects, so he put: A C down below on his Skin below umbilicus & Scrotum

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25
Seronegative Arthropathies HLA B27
``` PAIR Psoriatic Arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis arthritis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter syndrome) ```
26
Direct vs Indirect hernias in relation to the inferior epigastric artery
MDs don't LIe Medial to the inferior epigastric artery=Direct hernia Lateral to the inferior epigastric artery=Indirect hernia
27
Passive Immunity after exposure (preformed antibodies given)
``` To Be Healed Very Rapidly Tetanus toxin Botulinum toxin HBV Varicella Rabies virus ```
28
Chronic Granulomatous Disease-increased susceptibility to catalase + organisms
``` Need PLACESS Nocardia Pseudomonoas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E.Coli S.Aureus Serratia and Burkholderia cepacia ```
29
Psammoma bodies
``` PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma ```
30
Example Drugs with Zero Order Elimination
PEA round like a 0 in zero order Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin
31
Bethanechol
Bethany, call (Bethanechol) me to activate your Bowels and Bladder Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
32
Pilocarpine
You cry, drool, and sweat on your PILOw Potent stimulator of sweat, tears, and saliva
33
Neostigmine
Neo CNS=NO CNS penetration
34
Physostigmine
Physostigmine "phyxes" atropine overdose
35
Pyridostigmine
PyRIDostiGMine gets RID of Myasthenia Gravis
36
Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
DUMBBELSS | diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, excitation of skeletal muscle, lacrimation, salivation, sweating
37
Benztropine use
Park my Benz | Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
38
Tetrodotoxin
puffer fish, binds fast voltage gated Na channels in cardiac and nerve tissue and prevent depolarization paresthesia, weakness, dizziness, loss of reflexes
39
Ciguatoxin
Reef fish (barracuda, snapper, moray eel) Open Na channels cause depolarization confused with cholinergic poisoning Temperature related dyesthesis (cold feel hot;hot feels cold)
40
Scombroid Poisoning
Dark meat fish (bonito, mackerel, mahi mani, tuna)-improperly stored. Histamine issue-not degraded by cooking Anaphylaxis like presentation
41
Hyperglycemia drug reaction
Taking Pills Necessitates Having blood Sugar Checked ``` Tacrolimus Protease inhibitors Niacin HCTZ Corticosteroids ```
42
Diarrhea Drug reaction
``` Might Excite Colon On Accident Metformin Erythromycin Colchicine Orlistat0 Acarbose ```
43
Focal to massive hepatic necrosis drug reaction
``` Liver "HAVAc" Halothane Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom) Valproic acid Acetaminophen ```
44
Pancreatitis Drug reaction
``` Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress Didanosine Corticosteroids Alcohol Valproic acid Azathioprine Diuretics ```
45
Agranulocytosis drug reaction
``` Gangs CCCrush Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes Ganciclovir Clozapine Carbamezepine Colchicine Methimazole Propylthiouracil ```
46
Aplastic Anemia drug reaction
``` Can't Make New Blood Cells Properly Carbamezapine Methimazole NSAIDS Benzene Chloramphenicol Propylthiouracil ```
47
Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency drug reaction
``` Hemolysis IS D PAIN Isoniazid Sulfonamides Dapsone Primaquine Aspirin Ibuprofen Nitrofurantoin ```
48
Megaloblastic anemia drug reaction
having a Blast with PMS Phenytoin Methotrexate Sulfa drugs
49
Fat redistribution drug reaction
Fat PiG Protease inhibitors Glucocorticoids
50
Hyperuricemia drug reaction
``` Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care Pyrazinamide Thiazides Furosemide Niacin Cyclosporine ```
51
Photosensitivity drug reaction
``` SAT For Photo Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracyclines 5FU ```
52
Seizures drug reaction
``` with seizures, I BItE my tongue Isoniazid (vitamin b6deficiency) Buproprion Imipenem/cilastatin Enflurane ```
53
SIADH drug reaction
Can't Concentrate Serum Sodium Carbamezapine Cyclophosphamide SSRIs
54
Pulmonary Fibrosis
``` Breathing Air Badly from Medications Bleomycin Amiodarone Busulfan Methotrexate ```
55
Cytochorome P450 inducers
Chronic alcoholics STeal Phen PHen and NEver Refuse GReasy Carbs ``` Chronic alcoholics St.John's Wort Phenytoin Phenobarbital Nevirapine Rifampin Griseofulvin Carbamezepine ```
56
Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors
``` AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine acute alcohol abuse Ritonavir Amiodarone Cimetidine Ketoconazole Sulfonamides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Quinidine Macrolides (except Azithromycin) ```
57
Sulfa Drugs
``` Popular FACTSSS about Sulfa Probenecid Furosemide Acetazolamide Celecoxib Thiazides Sulfonamide antibiotics Sulfasalazine Sulfonylureas ```
58
B1 selective antagonists
Selective antagonists go from A to M (B1 with 1st half of alphabet) Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, esmolol, metoprolol
59
Non selective antagonists
Nonselective antagonists go from N to Z (B2 with 2nd half of alphabet) nadolol, pindolol (partial agonist), propranolol, timolol
60
Cutaneous flushing drug reaction
``` VANC vancomycin adenosine niacin calcium channel blockers ```
61
Right to Left Shunts
5 T's 1) Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel) 2) Transposition (2 switched vessels) 3) Tricuspid atresia (3=Tri) 4) Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra) 5) TAPVR (5 letters in the name)
62
Left to Right shunts
LaterR (Left to Right) shunts: LateR cyanosis
63
Right to Left shunts
eaRLy cyanosis (Right to Left shunts)
64
Relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hilum
RALS Right Anterior Left Superior
65
Structures perforating the diaphraghm and spinal levels
T8: IVC T10: Oesophagus and CN 10 (vagus) T12: Aortic hiatus (aorta-red, thoracic duct-white, vein-blue) At T-1-2 it's the red, white and blue
66
Structures perforating the diaphragm=T level
I ate ten eggs at twelve | I (IVC) ate (8) ten (10) eggs (esophagus) at (aorta) twelve (12)
67
Carotid Bifurcation
The common carotid biFOURcates at C4
68
Trachea Bifurcation
the trachea biFOURcates at T4
69
Abdominal aorta Bifurcation
the abdominal aorta biFOURcates at L4
70
Lung volumes
``` LITER Lung volumes IRV TV ERV RV ```
71
Determination of physiologic dead space equation-order of variables
Taco, Paco, Peco, Paco
72
Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (taut vs relaxed)
Taut in Tissues (taut, deoxygenated, low affinity for oxygen-goes to tissues) Relaxed in Respiratory tract (relaxed, oxygenated, high affinity for oxygen)
73
Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE syndrome Job Syndrome
Can't get to the Job site STAT Stat 3 mutation-impaired recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection ``` FATED coarse Facies cold (noninflamed) Staph. Abscesses retained primary TEETH Increased IgE Dermatologic problems ```
74
Gluconeogenesis Irreversible Enzymes
Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose Pyruvate Carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase
75
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Treatment
Lysine and Leucine, the onLy pureLy ketogenic amino acids | also high fat diet
76
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Co factors (5 of them) | Same cofactors for Alpha ketoacid Dehydrogenase
``` Tender Loving Care For Nobody Thiamine;TPP;Pyrophosphate Lipoic acid CoA=panthothenic acid=B5 FAD (B2=riboflavin) NAD (B3-niacin) ```
77
Essential amino acids
``` Private (PVT) TIM HaLL Phenylalanie Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lycine ```
78
Cystinuria defect of PCT and intestinal amino acid transporter prevents reabsorption of:
``` COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine ```
79
Maple Syrup Urine Disease: blocked degradation of which branched amino acids
I Love Vermont maple syrup from maple trees with branches Isoleucine Leucine Valine
80
Differential diagnosis for Eosinophilia
``` DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic Disease Asthma Addison's disease Acute interstial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites ```
81
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
FAD and FMN are derived from riboflavin B2=2ATP The 2 C's of B2 Cheilosis Corneal vascularization
82
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
``` NAD derived from Niacin (B3=3ATP) The 3 D's of B3 Dementia Diarrhea Dermatitis ```
83
Insulin Independent Glucose Uptake GLUT Transporters
``` BRICK L Brain RBCs Intestine Cornea Kidney Liver ```
84
Fetal Erythropoiesis
``` Young Liver Synthesizes Blood Yolk Sac Liver Spleen Bone Marrow ```
85
Potter Sequence/Syndrome
``` Baby's who can't Pee in utero develop Potter Sequence POTTER Pulmonary Hypoplasia Oligohydramnios (trigger) Twisted face Twisted Skin Extremity defects Renal failure (in utero) ```
86
Ureters course
Water (ureters) Under the bridget (uterine artery, vas deferens) Ureters pass Under uterine artery and Under ductus deference (retroperitoneal)
87
Psammoma bodies
``` PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Mengioma Malignant mesothelioma ```
88
Acetazolamide Side Effect
"ACID"azolamide causes ACIDosis metabolic acidosis
89
Loop Diuretic: few examples of side effects
``` OH DANG Ototoxiciety Hypokalemia Dehydration Allergy to sulfa Nephritis Gout ```
90
Thiazide Diuretic: few examples of side effects
``` HyperGLUC hyperGlycemia hyperLipidemia hyperUricemia hyperCalcemia ``` see FA for other side effects
91
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
``` Potassium please have a SEAT Spironolactone Eplerenone Amiloride Triamterene ```
92
Calcium High Serum Concentrations effects
Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones, Psychiatric overtones Stones(renal), Bones (pain), Groans (abdominal pain), Thrones (increased urinary frequency), psychiatric overtones (anxiety, altered mental status)
93
Potassium Shifts that cause Hyperkalemia ( Shifts K+ out of cell)
``` Patients with hyperkalemia DO LABS Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Lysis of cells Acidosis Beta Blockers high blood Sugar (insulin deficiency) ```
94
Increased anion gap (Na-( Cl+ HCO3-) Causes (adding acid)
``` MUDPILES Methanol (formic acid) Uremia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Propylene Glycol Iron tables or Isoniazid Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylates ```
95
Normal anion gap Acidosis (Na-( Cl+ HCO3-) Causes | Not adding acid but losing bicarb
``` HARD ASS Hyperalimentation Addison Disease Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spironolactone Saline Infusion ```
96
Wilms Tumor association with WAGR complex
``` WAGR Wilms Tumor Aniridia Genitourinary malformation mental Retardation ```
97
Renal Papillary Necrosis
``` SAAD papa with Papillary necrosis Sickle cell disease or trait Acute pyelonephritis Analgesics (NSAIDS) Diabetes mellitus ```
98
Renal Tubular Defects
The kidneys put out FABulous Glittering LiquidS FAnconi syndrome (PCT) Bartter syndrome is next (thick ascending loop of Henle) Gitelman syndrom after Bartter (DCT) Liddle syndrome is last (collecting tubule) Syndrom of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
99
Transitional Cell Carcinoma associated problems
``` Pee SAC Phenacetin Smoking Aniline dyes Cyclophosphamide ```
100
Pathway of Sperm during ejaculation
``` SEVEN UP Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas Deferens Ejaculatory duct (Nothing) Urethra Penis ```
101
Mesonephric (Wollfian) duct
``` Develops into male internal structures SEED Seminal vesicles Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens ```
102
Congenital Penile Abnormalities
Hypo is Below Hypospadias (urethral opening on ventral surface-failure of urethral folds to fuse) When you have Epispadias, you hit your Eye when you PEE Epispadias Extrophy of bladder Abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface (faulty genital tubercle position)
103
Spermatogenesis
Gonium is Going to be a sperm (Spermatogonia) Zoon is Zooming to egg (Spermatozoon)
104
Oogenesis-Oocyte arrest
prOphase I until Ovulation (primary oocyte) Meiosis II arrested in METaphase II until an egg MET a sperm (secondary oocyte)
105
Mesodermal Defects (Middle-meat layer)
``` VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac Defects Tracheo-Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects (bone and muscle) ```
106
Cytotrophoblasts
Cytotrophoblasts make Cells | Cerca to mom side so inner layer of chorionic villi
107
Layers of the Scrotum
``` Some Darn Englishmen Called It The Testis (superficial to deep anatomy) Skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Internal Spermatic fascia Tunica Vaginalis Testis ```
108
1st aortic arch
1st: 1st arch is MAXimal (MAXillary artery-branch of external carotid)
109
2nd aortic arch
2nd: Second=Stapedial (Stapedial artery and hyoid artery)
110
3rd aortic arch
3rd: C is 3rd letter of alphabet-3 C’s. Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery
111
4th aortic arch
4th: 4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic—Left is aortic arch and on right proximal part of right subclavian artery
112
6th aortic arch
6th: pulmonary and pulmonary to systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus)
113
Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus
CAP coveres outside to inside Clefts=ectoderm Arches=mesooderm Pouches=endoderm
114
Branchial arch derivatives-Nerves
When at the restaurant of the golden ARCHES, children tend to CHEW (1), then SMILE (2), then SWALLOW STYLISHLY (3), or SIMPLY SWALLOW (4), and then SPEAK (6) Ex: (1)= 1st arch (2)= 2nd arch
115
1st arch Cartilage and Muscles
1st arch) ‘M’s (Meckel Cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, Mandibular ligament, Muscles of Mastication, Masseter, Medial and lateral pterygoids, Myolohoid muscle etc). CN V2 and V3=chew
116
2nd arch cartilage and muscles
2nd arch: Reichert'S CartilageS: ’S’ (Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohoid ligament Muscles of facial expression: Stapedius, Stylohoid, platySma, muscles of facial expression. CN 7= smile
117
3rd arch cartilage and muscles
3rd arch: Cartilage greater horn of hyoid StyloPHARYNGEUS innervated by glossoPHARYNGEAL. CN 9 (STYLOPHARYNGEUS)=swallow stylishly
118
4-6th arches
4-6th arches: 4th arch is CN 10 (superior laryngeal branch)=simply swallow. 6th arch is CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal branch)=speak see First AID p. 565
119
Branchial Pouch Derivatives
Ears, tonsils, bottom to top 1) Ears 2) tonsils 3) dorsal (BOTTOM for inferior parathyroid) 3) ventral (To=Thymus) 4) TOP=superior parathyroids So 1)= 1st pouch, 2=2nd pouch etc.
120
3rd pouch
3rd pouch contributes to 3 structures | thymus, left and right inferior parathyroids
121
Venous gonadal drainage
Left gonadal vein takes Longest way Left ovary/testis-left gonadal vein-left renal vein-IVC
122
Antihypertensives safe during pregnancy
``` HALN Hypertension Amidst a Long & Notable pregnancy Hydralazine alpha methyldopa Labetalol Nifedipine ```
123
Placenta Accreta
Placenta accreta-ATTACHES to myometrium
124
Placenta Increta
Placenta increta-placenta penetrates INTO myometrium
125
Placenta Percreta
Placenta percreta-PENETRATES myometrium and PERFORATES through myometrium into uterine serosa (can go to bladder or rectum)
126
Drugs that cause Gynecomastia
``` Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers Spironolactone Digoxin Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole ```
127
Mature Defenses
``` Mature adults wear a SASH Sublimation Altruism Suppression Humor ```
128
Infant 0-12 months developmental milestones
Parents Start Observing see p 59 first aid
129
Toddler 12-36 months
Child Rearing Working see p. 59 first aid
130
Preschool 3-5 years
Don't Forget, they're still Learning see p. 59 first aid
131
Infant Deprivation Effects
``` 4 W's Weak Wordless Wanting (socially) Wary ```
132
Manic Episode Diagnosis
``` At least 1 week of symptoms manics DIG FAST Distractibiligy Irresponsibility Grandiosity Flight of ideas increased goal directe Activities/psychomotor Agitation decreased need for Sleep Talkativeness or pressured speech ```
133
Major Depressive disorder diagnosis
``` Episodes last 2 or more weeks. Need at least 5 criteria SIG E CAPS Sleep disturbance loss of Interest (anhedonia) Guilt or worthlessness Energy loss and fatigue COncentraton problems Appetite/weight changes Psychomotor regardation or agitation Suicidal ideations ```
134
Depression Sleep changes
Decreased slow wave sleep and decreased REM latency | Increased REM early in sleep and Increased total REM
135
Suicide Risk Factors
``` SAD PERSONS are more likely to commit suicide Sex (male) Age (teens or elderly) Depression Previous attempt Ethanol or drugs loss of Rational thinking Sickness Organized plan No spouse Social support lacking ```
136
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Remember ABC as Weird, Wild and Worried Weird (Accusatory, Aloof, Awkward) Paranoid Schizoid, d=distant Schizotypal, t=magical thinking
137
Cluster B personality Disorders
``` Wild (Bad to the Bone) Antisocial=sociopath Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic ```
138
Cluster C Personality Disorder
Worried (Cowardly, Compulsive, Clingy) Avoidant Obsessive compulsive Dependent
139
High potency antipsychotics
Try to Fly High | High potency: TRIfluoperazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol
140
Low potency antipsychotics
Cheating Thieves are Low Low potency: Chlorpromazine, THioridazine Chlorpromazine=Corneal deposits Thioridazine=reTinal deposits
141
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
``` FEVER Fever Encephalopathy Vital signs unstable Enzymes increased Rigidity of muscles ```
142
Atypical antipsychotics
``` It's atypical for OLd CLOSets to QUIETly RISPER from A to Z Olanzapine Clozapine Quetiapine Risperidone Aripiprazole Ziprasidone ```
143
Lithium Side Effects
``` LMNOP Lithium Movement (tremor) Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus hypOthyroidism Pregnancy problems ```
144
Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity
Tri-C's: Convulsions Coma Cardiotoxicity (arrythmias) also resp. depression, hyperpyrexia
145
MAO Inhibitors
``` MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai Tranylcypromine-Train Zipper Phenelzine-Funnel Zen Isocarboxazid-Ice car box Selegiline (selective MAO B inhibitor)-sledge lion ```
146
Hormones that use cAMP signaling pathway
FLAT ChAMP (anterior pit. hormones; remember HCG share similar subunit) Giant with harmonica key (GHRH) and Glue King Kong (glucagon). Glue King Kong climbing to the top of the empire state building with a giant harmonica key hanging out of his fur. He wanted to beat the FLAT CHaMPS record for climbing to the top and unlocking the building ``` FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH MSH PTH calcitonin GHRH glucagon ```
147
cGMP
Think things that vasodilate ANP BNP NO (EDRF)
148
IP3
GOAT HAG-think IP3 has to do with calcium so think the GOAT HAG made goat milk ``` GnRH Oxytocin ADH (V1 receptor) TRH Histamine (H1 receptor) Angiotensin II Gastrin ```
149
Intracellular receptor (steroid hormone receptors)
VETTT CAP-Think how the VETTT was CAPped in his cell (intracellular) after being taken for prisoner of war. ``` Vitamin D Estrogen Testosterone T3/T4 Cortisol Aldosterone Progesterone ```
150
Inrinsic tyrosine kinase
Think growth factors/MAP Kinase pathway/mediates effects that promote anabolism and cell growth ``` Insulin IGF FGF PDGF EGF ```
151
Receptor Associated Tyrosine Kinase
PIGGLET, jak/stat pathway/think acidophils and cytokines. Mrs. Pigglet was the Tyrant King's Receptionist. ``` Prolactin Immunomodulator(cytokines) GH GCSF L-nothing Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin ```
152
MEN1
3 P's Pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH) Parathyroid tumors Pancreas (endocrine tumors)
153
MEN 2A
2 P's Parathyroid hyperplasia Pheochromcytoma 2 men with apples heads at roulette tables didn't want to eat to get food. Ordered Dominoes-chrome fiat crashed into casino and delivered dominos and he was ejected out of parathyroid parachute
154
Limbic System
``` The famous 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Fucking ```
155
Hypothalamus
``` the hypothalamus wears TAN HATS Thirst and wate balance Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Hunger Autonomic regulation Temperature regulation Sexual urges ```
156
Hypothalamus Lateral area
If you zap your LATERAL nucleus, you shrink LATERALLY Lateral area controls hunger, destruction=anorexia & failture to thrive, inhibited by leptin
157
Hypothalamus ventromedial area
Ventromedial Area: If you zap your MEDIAL nucleus, you grow VENTRALLY and MEDIALLY Satiety, destruction (like with craniopharyngioma)=hyperphagia. stimulated by leptin
158
Hypothalamus anterior
Anterior Hypothalamus: Anterior nucleus=Cooling, pArasympathetic)- A/C= anterior cooling Cooling,parasympathetic
159
Hypothalamus posterior
Posterior Hypothalamus: Gets you fired up. If you zap your POSTERIOR hypothalamus you become poikilotherm (cold blooded like a snake) Heating,sympathetic
160
Hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: You need SLEEP to be CHARISMATIC (circadian rhythm) circadian rhythm
161
Structures arising from the neural crest cells
MOTEL PASS melanocytes, odontoblasts, tracheal cartiage, enterochromaffin cells, laryngeal cartilage, parafollicular cels of the thyroid, adrenal medulla and all ganglia, Schwann cells, and spiral membrane.
162
Sleep Stages ECG waveform
at night, BATS Drink Blood Awake (eyes open)-Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude) Awake (eyes closed)-Alpha Non rem Stage 1-Theta non rem stage 2-Sleep spindles and K complexes non rem stage 3-Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude REM sleep-Beta
163
Divisions of cranial nerve vessel pathway in skull
Divisions of CN 5 exit owing to Standing Room Only Superior orbital fissure: V1 Foramen Rotundum: V2 Foramen Ovale: V3
164
Mastication Muscles
It takes more mucles to keep your mouth shut M's for munch (keeps jaw closed) Masseter teMporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral Lowers (when speaking of pterygoids with respect to jaw motion) Lateral pterygoids opens All innervated by V3
165
Branches of Facial Nerve (CN 7)
``` Ten Zulus Bit My Chin Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical ```
166
Cranial Nerve nuclei
Lateral nuclei=sensory (aLar plate) | Medial nuclei=Motor (basal plate)
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei that life medially at brain stem
Factors of 12 except 1 and 2 3,4,6,12 These cranial nerves lie medially
168
Ocular motility
LR6SO4R3 CN 6 innervate lateral rectus CN4 innervate superior oblique CN3 innervate the Rest
169
Ocular motility testing
Obliques go Opposite (left SO and IO tested with patient looking right IOU: IO tested looking Up
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Vagal Nuclei-Nucleus Solitarius
nucleus Solitarius=visceral Sensory information (taste,baroreceptors,gut distention), CN 7,9,10
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Vagal nuclei-Nucleus Ambiguus
nucleus aMbiguus, Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (swallowing, palate elevation, CN 9,10, 11-cranial portion
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Dorsal motor nucleus
sends autonomic(parasympathetic)fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI, CN 10
173
Horner syndrome
PAM is horny Ptosis Anhidrosis (and flushing-rubor of affected side) Miosis
174
Broca Area damage
Broca=Broken Boca | Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension and impaired reputation
175
Wernicke Area damage
Wernicke is Wordy but makes no sense. Wernicke=What? Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension and repitition
176
Neural Crest Derivatives
``` Think PNS and non neural structures nearby Dorsal root ganglion cranial nerves celiac ganglia schwann cells ANS melanocytes chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla parafollicular C cells of thyroid pia and arachnoid bones of skull odontoblasts aorticopulmonary septum ```
177
Local Anesthetics Amides
amIdes have 2 I's in name lIdocaIne mepIvacaIne bupIvacaIne
178
Sturge Weber characteristics
``` STURGE-weber sporadic port wine Stain Tram track calcifications Unilateral Retardation (intellectual disability) Glaucoma GNAQ gene Epilepsy/seizures ```
179
Thalamus VPM
Makeup goes on the face VPM Trigeminal and gustatory pathway (input) Face sensation & taste(info), primary somatosensory cortex (destination)
180
LGN
Lateral=light | CN2 (input), vision (info), destination calcarine sulcus (destination)
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MGN
Medial=Music | Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum (input), hearing (info), auditory cortex of temporal lobe (destination)
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Upper motor neuron signs
UPper motor neuron=everything up (tone, DTR, toes, spasticity)
183
Lower motor neuron signs
Lower MN=everything lowered (less muscle mass, decreased muscle tone, decreased reflexes, downgoing toes, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, fasciculations cause fibers yearning for excitatory potention from nerves and not going to get it)
184
Deep nucle of cerebellum
``` Don't Eat Greasy Foods Lateral to medial deep nuclei Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial ```
185
Parkinsons's drugs
Having Parkinson's disease sucks BALSA ``` Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) Amantadine Levodopa with carbidopa Selegiline (and COMT inhibitors) Antimuscarinics ``` Non ergot=pramipexole, ropinirole
186
Multiple Sclerosis
Charcot classic triad of MS is a SIN Scanning speech Intention tremor also Incontinence and Internuclear opthalmoplegia Nystagmus
187
Friedtrich Ataxia
Friedrich is Fratastic (frataxin): he's your favorite frat brother, always Staggering and Falling but has a Sweet, Big heart staggering gait frequent falling diabetes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other stuff
188
Ataxia Telangiectasia
``` Lot of A's ATM gene defect (can't repairt double stranded DNA break) Ataxia Angiomas (telangiectasia) IgA deficiency AFP increased Decreased IgA, IgG, IgE ```
189
Brachial Plexus
``` Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches ```
190
Hypothenar and Thenar Hand muscle functions
OAF Oppose Abduct Flex
191
Dorsal interossei muscle function
DAB=Dorsals ABduct
192
Palmar interossei muscle function
PAD=Palmars ADduct
193
Peroneal Nerve function
PED=Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes, if injured, foot dropPED
194
Tibial Nerve function
TIP=Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes, if injured, can't stand on TIPtoes
195
T10 dermatome
T10 at belly butTEN
196
L1 dermatome
L1 is IL (Inguinal Ligament)
197
L4 dermatome
down on ALL 4's (L4-kneecap)
198
S2, 3, 4 dermatome
S 2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor
199
Type 1 mucle fibers
``` 1 slow red ox Slow twitch red fibers from lot of mitochondria increased OXidative phosphorylation sustained contraction ```
200
Lumbar puncture
To keep the spinal cord alive, keep the spinal needle between L3-L5
201
AICA stroke effects
Facial droop means AICA's pooped | Paralysis of face
202
PICA stroke effects
Don't PICK a PICA horse (hoarseness) that can't eat (dysphagia)
203
Malignancies with a propensity for bony metastasis
``` PB/KTL lead kettle Prostate Breast Kidney Thyroid Lung ```
204
Middle meningeal artery is branch of what artery?
Middle meningeal artery is branch of the maxillary artery (one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery)
205
Causes of Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
``` ASEPTIC Alcoholism Sicle cell disease Storage Exogenous/Endogenous corticosteroids Pancreatitis Trauma Idiopathic (Legg-Calve Perthes) Caisson (the bends) ```
206
Rotator Cuff Muscles
``` SItS Supraspnatus Infraspinatus teres minor (little T) Subscapularis ```
207
Wrist Bones
So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb (starting from radial snuffbox area) ``` Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate (largest, central) Trapezoid Trapezium (thumb swings on the trapezium) ```
208
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
``` RASH OR PAIN Rash (malar or discoid) Arthritis Soft tissue/serositis Hematologic disorders (cytopenia) Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers Renal disease, Raynaud phenomenon Photosensitivity, Positive VDRL/RPR Antinuclear antibodies Immunosuppresants Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis) ```
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Drugs associated with drug induced Lupus
``` SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin ```
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne=deleted dystrophin
211
Epidermis Layers
Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis ``` Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum (desmosomes) Stratum Basale (stem cell site) ```
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Cadherins
CADherins are Ca2+ dependent Adhesion proteins. Loss of cadherins promotes metastasis
213
Lichen Planus
``` Lincoln on the Plain, 6 P's Pruritic Purple Polygonal Planar Papules Plaques Also think of Wickman striae, Hepatitis C and sawtooth infiltrate ```
214
Divisions of superficial lymphatic system in lower extremities
Medial and lateral track Medial track bypass popliteal nodes (Ex: lesions on medial foot cause inguinal lymphadenopathy, run with saphenous vein) Lateral track drain to popliteal and inguinal nodes
215
Glans penis lymph drainage
Deep lymphatic system into deep inguinal nodes
216
Recurrent laryngeal nerves innervation
``` All intrinsic muscles of larynx-singing voice sing PLOTT PLOTT Posterior cricoarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Oblique arytenoid Transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid ```
217
X linked recessive disorders
``` Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds Silly HOpe Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Wiskott Aldrich Fabry Disease G6PD Deficiency Ocular albinism Lesch Nyan Syndrome Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy Hunter Syndrome Hemophillia A and B Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency ```

Step 1 Mnemonics (1 decks)

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