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Step 1 Mnemonics > Mnemonics > Flashcards

Mnemonics Flashcards

1
Q

Live attenuated Vaccines

A

LIVE! one night only! see SMALL YELLOW ROTATING CHICKENS get vaccinated with SABIN AND MMR! IT’S INcredible .

Live attenuated: Small pox, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, Chickenpox, Sabin polio, MMR, Influenza (intranasal)

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2
Q

Killed Vaccines

A

SalK=Killed

RIP Always

Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio and HAV vaccines

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3
Q

Positive Stranded RNA Viruses

A

I went to a RETRO TOGA party where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate HIPPY CALIFORNIA PICKLES

retrovirus, togavirus, flavivirus, coronavirus, hepevirus, calcivirus, picornavirus

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4
Q

Segmented Viruses

A

BOAR

Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus, Reovirus

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5
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin clinical use-extended spectrum

A

ampicillin/amoxicillin HHELPSS kill enterococci

H.influenzae, H.pylori, E.Coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella

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6
Q

Organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins

A

Organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins are LAME

Listeria, Atypicals (chlamydia, mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci (except Ceftaroline covers MRSA)

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7
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

2nd generation-HEN PEcKS and gram positive cocci

Haemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.Coli, Klebseilla, Serratia

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8
Q

Macrolides Toxicity

A

MACRO

gastrointestinal MOTILITY issues, ARRYTHMIAS caused by prolonged QT, acute CHOLESTATIC hepatitis, RASH, eOSINOPHILIA, also inhibit cytochrome p450 (except azithromycin)

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9
Q

Genes for 5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage

Form of specialized transduction in bacterial genetics

A

ABCDE

shigA like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphteria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes
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10
Q

Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy

A

SAFe Children Take Really Good Care

Sulfonamides-kernicterus
Aminoglycosides-ototoxicity
Fluroquinolones-cartilage damage
Clarithromycin-embryotoxic
Tetracyclines-teeth discoloration, inhibition bone growth
Ribavirin-teratogen
Griseofulvin-teratogen
Chloramphenicol-grey baby syndrome
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11
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

A

NAACP

Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Parasites (invasive)
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12
Q

Pathology Associated with Target Cells

A

HALT said the hunter to his target

HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemia

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13
Q

LEAD

A

Lead Lines on gingiva (burton’s line) and metaphyses of long bone on x ray

Encephalopathy and Erythrocyte basophilic stippling
Abdoinal colic and sideroblastic Anemia

Drops-wrist and foot drop. Dimercaprol and eDTA=1st line tx

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14
Q

Iron chelation for kids

A

Succimer

It sucks to be a kid who eats lead

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15
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias

Warm Agglutinin and Cold Agglutinin

A

Warm weather is Great; Warm agglutinin (IgG)

Cold weather is MMMiserable; Cold Agglutinin (IgM)

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16
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria presenting symptoms

A

5 P’s

Painful abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Port wine colored urine
Psychological disturbances
Precipitated by drugs
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17
Q

Multiple Myeloma Symptoms

A

CRAB

hyperCalcemia
Renal involvement
Anemia
Bone lytic lesions/Back pain

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18
Q

Causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Anion Gap=Sodium- (Chloride + Bicarbonate)

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol, Paraldehyde
Isoniazid/Iron
Lactic Acidosis
Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze)
Salicylates (aspirin)
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19
Q

Post splenectomy there is higher risk of which encapsulated organisms?

A

decreased IgM-decreased complement activation-decreased opsonization=increased susceptibility to encapsulated organisms

SHiNE SKiS
Streptococcus pneumoniaie
Haemophilus influenza type B
Neisseria meningitidis
E. Coli
Salmonella spp
Kleibsella pneumoniaie
Group b Streptococcus
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20
Q

Para aortic Lymph Node

A

testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus are area of body drained

Para TOKUt

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21
Q

Superior Mesenteric Lymph Node

A

Lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon to splenic flexure

Superior DJ Ill messed up some colons and commas

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22
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Lymph Node

A

Colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum

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23
Q

Internal Iliac Lymph Node

A

Lower rectum to anal canal (above pectinate line), bladder, vagina (middle third), prostate

The Internist’s Silly dilemna: To read the LR annals (lower rectum to anal canal) which are above and beyond boring (above the pectinate line), or read the Blogs (Bladder) or watch the Vast Videos (Vagina) or listen to news from the Press (prostate)?

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24
Q

Superficial inguinal

A

Anal canal (below pectinate line), skin below umbilicus (except popliteal territory and glans of the penis), scrotum

The Superficial inguinal (superficial ingeniero) looked to cool off his inguinal skin regions before working on his projects, so he put: A C down below on his Skin below umbilicus & Scrotum

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25
Q

Seronegative Arthropathies

HLA B27

A 
PAIR
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
arthritis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter syndrome)
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26
Q

Direct vs Indirect hernias in relation to the inferior epigastric artery

A

MDs don’t LIe

Medial to the inferior epigastric artery=Direct hernia
Lateral to the inferior epigastric artery=Indirect hernia

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27
Q

Passive Immunity after exposure (preformed antibodies given)

A 
To Be Healed Very Rapidly
Tetanus toxin
Botulinum toxin
HBV
Varicella
Rabies virus
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28
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease-increased susceptibility to catalase + organisms

A 
Need PLACESS
Nocardia
Pseudomonoas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E.Coli
S.Aureus
Serratia 
and Burkholderia cepacia
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29
Q

Psammoma bodies

A 
PSaMMoma
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
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30
Q

Example Drugs with Zero Order Elimination

A

PEA round like a 0 in zero order
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin

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31
Q

Bethanechol

A

Bethany, call (Bethanechol) me to activate your Bowels and Bladder

Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle

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32
Q

Pilocarpine

A

You cry, drool, and sweat on your PILOw

Potent stimulator of sweat, tears, and saliva

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33
Q

Neostigmine

A

Neo CNS=NO CNS penetration

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34
Q

Physostigmine

A

Physostigmine “phyxes” atropine overdose

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35
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

PyRIDostiGMine gets RID of Myasthenia Gravis

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36
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning

A

DUMBBELSS

diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, excitation of skeletal muscle, lacrimation, salivation, sweating

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37
Q

Benztropine use

A

Park my Benz

Parkinson disease and acute dystonia

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38
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

puffer fish, binds fast voltage gated Na channels in cardiac and nerve tissue and prevent depolarization

paresthesia, weakness, dizziness, loss of reflexes

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39
Q

Ciguatoxin

A

Reef fish (barracuda, snapper, moray eel)
Open Na channels cause depolarization
confused with cholinergic poisoning
Temperature related dyesthesis (cold feel hot;hot feels cold)

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40
Q

Scombroid Poisoning

A

Dark meat fish (bonito, mackerel, mahi mani, tuna)-improperly stored. Histamine issue-not degraded by cooking

Anaphylaxis like presentation

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41
Q

Hyperglycemia drug reaction

A

Taking Pills Necessitates Having blood Sugar Checked

Tacrolimus
Protease inhibitors
Niacin
HCTZ
Corticosteroids
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42
Q

Diarrhea Drug reaction

A 
Might Excite Colon On Accident
Metformin
Erythromycin
Colchicine
Orlistat0
Acarbose
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43
Q

Focal to massive hepatic necrosis drug reaction

A 
Liver "HAVAc"
Halothane
Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom)
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
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44
Q

Pancreatitis Drug reaction

A 
Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress
Didanosine
Corticosteroids
Alcohol
Valproic acid
Azathioprine
Diuretics
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45
Q

Agranulocytosis drug reaction

A 
Gangs CCCrush Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes
Ganciclovir
Clozapine
Carbamezepine
Colchicine
Methimazole
Propylthiouracil
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46
Q

Aplastic Anemia drug reaction

A 
Can't Make New Blood Cells Properly
Carbamezapine
Methimazole
NSAIDS
Benzene
Chloramphenicol
Propylthiouracil
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47
Q

Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency drug reaction

A 
Hemolysis IS D PAIN
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Dapsone
Primaquine
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Nitrofurantoin
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48
Q

Megaloblastic anemia drug reaction

A

having a Blast with PMS
Phenytoin
Methotrexate
Sulfa drugs

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49
Q

Fat redistribution drug reaction

A

Fat PiG
Protease inhibitors
Glucocorticoids

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50
Q

Hyperuricemia drug reaction

A 
Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care
Pyrazinamide
Thiazides
Furosemide
Niacin
Cyclosporine
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51
Q

Photosensitivity drug reaction

A 
SAT For Photo
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracyclines
5FU
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52
Q

Seizures drug reaction

A 
with seizures, I BItE my tongue
Isoniazid (vitamin b6deficiency)
Buproprion
Imipenem/cilastatin
Enflurane
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53
Q

SIADH drug reaction

A

Can’t Concentrate Serum Sodium
Carbamezapine
Cyclophosphamide
SSRIs

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54
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A 
Breathing Air Badly from Medications
Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Busulfan
Methotrexate
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55
Q

Cytochorome P450 inducers

A

Chronic alcoholics STeal Phen PHen and NEver Refuse GReasy Carbs

Chronic alcoholics
St.John's Wort
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Nevirapine
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
Carbamezepine
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56
Q

Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors

A 
AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine
acute alcohol abuse
Ritonavir
Amiodarone
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Sulfonamides
Isoniazid
Grapefruit juice
Quinidine
Macrolides (except Azithromycin)
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57
Q

Sulfa Drugs

A 
Popular FACTSSS about Sulfa
Probenecid
Furosemide
Acetazolamide
Celecoxib
Thiazides
Sulfonamide antibiotics
Sulfasalazine
Sulfonylureas
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58
Q

B1 selective antagonists

A

Selective antagonists go from A to M (B1 with 1st half of alphabet)
Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, esmolol, metoprolol

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59
Q

Non selective antagonists

A

Nonselective antagonists go from N to Z (B2 with 2nd half of alphabet)
nadolol, pindolol (partial agonist), propranolol, timolol

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60
Q

Cutaneous flushing drug reaction

A 
VANC
vancomycin
adenosine
niacin
calcium channel blockers
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61
Q

Right to Left Shunts

A

5 T’s

1) Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel)
2) Transposition (2 switched vessels)
3) Tricuspid atresia (3=Tri)
4) Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5) TAPVR (5 letters in the name)

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62
Q

Left to Right shunts

A

LaterR (Left to Right) shunts: LateR cyanosis

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63
Q

Right to Left shunts

A

eaRLy cyanosis (Right to Left shunts)

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64
Q

Relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hilum

A

RALS
Right Anterior
Left Superior

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65
Q

Structures perforating the diaphraghm and spinal levels

A

T8: IVC
T10: Oesophagus and CN 10 (vagus)
T12: Aortic hiatus (aorta-red, thoracic duct-white, vein-blue) At T-1-2 it’s the red, white and blue

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66
Q

Structures perforating the diaphragm=T level

A

I ate ten eggs at twelve

I (IVC) ate (8) ten (10) eggs (esophagus) at (aorta) twelve (12)

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67
Q

Carotid Bifurcation

A

The common carotid biFOURcates at C4

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68
Q

Trachea Bifurcation

A

the trachea biFOURcates at T4

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69
Q

Abdominal aorta Bifurcation

A

the abdominal aorta biFOURcates at L4

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70
Q

Lung volumes

A 
LITER
Lung volumes
IRV
TV
ERV
RV
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71
Q

Determination of physiologic dead space equation-order of variables

A

Taco, Paco, Peco, Paco

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72
Q

Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (taut vs relaxed)

A

Taut in Tissues (taut, deoxygenated, low affinity for oxygen-goes to tissues)
Relaxed in Respiratory tract (relaxed, oxygenated, high affinity for oxygen)

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73
Q

Autosomal Dominant
Hyper IgE syndrome
Job Syndrome

A

Can’t get to the Job site STAT

Stat 3 mutation-impaired recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection

FATED
coarse Facies
cold (noninflamed) Staph. Abscesses
retained primary TEETH
Increased IgE
Dermatologic problems
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74
Q

Gluconeogenesis Irreversible Enzymes

A

Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose

Pyruvate Carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase

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75
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Treatment

A

Lysine and Leucine, the onLy pureLy ketogenic amino acids

also high fat diet

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76
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Co factors (5 of them)

Same cofactors for Alpha ketoacid Dehydrogenase

A 
Tender Loving Care For Nobody
Thiamine;TPP;Pyrophosphate
Lipoic acid
CoA=panthothenic acid=B5
FAD (B2=riboflavin)
NAD (B3-niacin)
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77
Q

Essential amino acids

A 
Private (PVT) TIM HaLL
Phenylalanie
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lycine
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78
Q

Cystinuria defect of PCT and intestinal amino acid transporter prevents reabsorption of:

A 
COLA
Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine
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79
Q

Maple Syrup Urine Disease: blocked degradation of which branched amino acids

A

I Love Vermont maple syrup from maple trees with branches
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine

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80
Q

Differential diagnosis for Eosinophilia

A 
DNAAACP
Drugs
Neoplasm
Atopic Disease
Asthma
Addison's disease
Acute interstial nephritis
Collagen vascular disease
Parasites
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81
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

FAD and FMN are derived from riboflavin

B2=2ATP

The 2 C’s of B2
Cheilosis
Corneal vascularization

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82
Q

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

A 
NAD derived from Niacin
(B3=3ATP)
The 3 D's of B3
Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
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83
Q

Insulin Independent Glucose Uptake GLUT Transporters

A 
BRICK L
Brain
RBCs
Intestine
Cornea
Kidney
Liver
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84
Q

Fetal Erythropoiesis

A 
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Yolk Sac
Liver
Spleen
Bone Marrow
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85
Q

Potter Sequence/Syndrome

A 
Baby's who can't Pee in utero develop Potter Sequence
POTTER
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios (trigger)
Twisted face
Twisted Skin
Extremity defects
Renal failure (in utero)
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86
Q

Ureters course

A

Water (ureters) Under the bridget (uterine artery, vas deferens)

Ureters pass Under uterine artery and Under ductus deference (retroperitoneal)

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87
Q

Psammoma bodies

A 
PSaMMoma
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Mengioma
Malignant mesothelioma
88
Q

Acetazolamide Side Effect

A

“ACID”azolamide causes ACIDosis

metabolic acidosis

89
Q

Loop Diuretic: few examples of side effects

A 
OH DANG
Ototoxiciety
Hypokalemia
Dehydration
Allergy to sulfa
Nephritis
Gout
90
Q

Thiazide Diuretic: few examples of side effects

A 
HyperGLUC
hyperGlycemia
hyperLipidemia
hyperUricemia
hyperCalcemia

see FA for other side effects

91
Q

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

A 
Potassium please have a SEAT
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
Amiloride
Triamterene
92
Q

Calcium High Serum Concentrations effects

A

Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones, Psychiatric overtones
Stones(renal), Bones (pain), Groans (abdominal pain), Thrones (increased urinary frequency), psychiatric overtones (anxiety, altered mental status)

93
Q

Potassium Shifts that cause Hyperkalemia ( Shifts K+ out of cell)

A 
Patients with hyperkalemia DO LABS
Digitalis
hyperOsmolarity
Lysis of cells
Acidosis
Beta Blockers
high blood Sugar (insulin deficiency)
94
Q

Increased anion gap (Na-( Cl+ HCO3-) Causes (adding acid)

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol (formic acid)
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Propylene Glycol
Iron tables or Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates
95
Q

Normal anion gap Acidosis (Na-( Cl+ HCO3-) Causes

Not adding acid but losing bicarb

A 
HARD ASS
Hyperalimentation
Addison Disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline Infusion
96
Q

Wilms Tumor association with WAGR complex

A 
WAGR
Wilms Tumor
Aniridia
Genitourinary malformation
mental Retardation
97
Q

Renal Papillary Necrosis

A 
SAAD papa with Papillary necrosis
Sickle cell disease or trait
Acute pyelonephritis
Analgesics (NSAIDS)
Diabetes mellitus
98
Q

Renal Tubular Defects

A

The kidneys put out FABulous Glittering LiquidS
FAnconi syndrome (PCT)
Bartter syndrome is next (thick ascending loop of Henle)
Gitelman syndrom after Bartter (DCT)
Liddle syndrome is last (collecting tubule)
Syndrom of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)

99
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma associated problems

A 
Pee SAC
Phenacetin
Smoking
Aniline dyes
Cyclophosphamide
100
Q

Pathway of Sperm during ejaculation

A 
SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory duct
(Nothing)
Urethra
Penis
101
Q

Mesonephric (Wollfian) duct

A 
Develops into male internal structures
SEED
Seminal vesicles
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
102
Q

Congenital Penile Abnormalities

A

Hypo is Below
Hypospadias
(urethral opening on ventral surface-failure of urethral folds to fuse)

When you have Epispadias, you hit your Eye when you PEE
Epispadias
Extrophy of bladder
Abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface (faulty genital tubercle position)

103
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Gonium is Going to be a sperm
(Spermatogonia)

Zoon is Zooming to egg
(Spermatozoon)

104
Q

Oogenesis-Oocyte arrest

A

prOphase I until Ovulation (primary oocyte)

Meiosis II arrested in METaphase II until an egg MET a sperm (secondary oocyte)

105
Q

Mesodermal Defects (Middle-meat layer)

A 
VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac Defects
Tracheo-Esophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects (bone and muscle)
106
Q

Cytotrophoblasts

A

Cytotrophoblasts make Cells

Cerca to mom side so inner layer of chorionic villi

107
Q

Layers of the Scrotum

A 
Some Darn Englishmen Called It The Testis (superficial to deep anatomy)
Skin
Dartos
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster
Internal Spermatic fascia
Tunica Vaginalis
Testis
108
Q

1st aortic arch

A

1st: 1st arch is MAXimal (MAXillary artery-branch of external carotid)

109
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

2nd: Second=Stapedial (Stapedial artery and hyoid artery)

110
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

3rd: C is 3rd letter of alphabet-3 C’s. Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery

111
Q

4th aortic arch

A

4th: 4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic—Left is aortic arch and on right proximal part of right subclavian artery

112
Q

6th aortic arch

A

6th: pulmonary and pulmonary to systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus)

113
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus

A

CAP coveres outside to inside
Clefts=ectoderm
Arches=mesooderm
Pouches=endoderm

114
Q

Branchial arch derivatives-Nerves

A

When at the restaurant of the golden ARCHES, children tend to CHEW (1), then SMILE (2), then SWALLOW STYLISHLY (3), or SIMPLY SWALLOW (4), and then SPEAK (6)

Ex: (1)= 1st arch
(2)= 2nd arch

115
Q

1st arch Cartilage and Muscles

A

1st arch) ‘M’s (Meckel Cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, Mandibular ligament,

Muscles of Mastication, Masseter, Medial and lateral pterygoids, Myolohoid muscle etc).

CN V2 and V3=chew

116
Q

2nd arch cartilage and muscles

A

2nd arch: Reichert’S CartilageS: ’S’ (Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohoid ligament

Muscles of facial expression: Stapedius, Stylohoid, platySma, muscles of facial expression.

CN 7= smile

117
Q

3rd arch cartilage and muscles

A

3rd arch: Cartilage greater horn of hyoid

StyloPHARYNGEUS innervated by glossoPHARYNGEAL.

CN 9 (STYLOPHARYNGEUS)=swallow stylishly

118
Q

4-6th arches

A

4-6th arches: 4th arch is CN 10 (superior laryngeal branch)=simply swallow.

6th arch is CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal branch)=speak
see First AID p. 565

119
Q

Branchial Pouch Derivatives

A

Ears, tonsils, bottom to top

1) Ears
2) tonsils
3) dorsal (BOTTOM for inferior parathyroid)
3) ventral (To=Thymus)
4) TOP=superior parathyroids

So 1)= 1st pouch, 2=2nd pouch etc.

120
Q

3rd pouch

A

3rd pouch contributes to 3 structures

thymus, left and right inferior parathyroids

121
Q

Venous gonadal drainage

A

Left gonadal vein takes Longest way

Left ovary/testis-left gonadal vein-left renal vein-IVC

122
Q

Antihypertensives safe during pregnancy

A 
HALN
Hypertension Amidst a Long & Notable pregnancy
Hydralazine
alpha methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine
123
Q

Placenta Accreta

A

Placenta accreta-ATTACHES to myometrium

124
Q

Placenta Increta

A

Placenta increta-placenta penetrates INTO myometrium

125
Q

Placenta Percreta

A

Placenta percreta-PENETRATES myometrium and PERFORATES through myometrium into uterine serosa (can go to bladder or rectum)

126
Q

Drugs that cause Gynecomastia

A 
Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers
Spironolactone
Digoxin
Cimetidine
Alcohol
Ketoconazole
127
Q

Mature Defenses

A 
Mature adults wear a SASH
Sublimation
Altruism
Suppression
Humor
128
Q

Infant 0-12 months developmental milestones

A

Parents Start Observing see p 59 first aid

129
Q

Toddler 12-36 months

A

Child Rearing Working see p. 59 first aid

130
Q

Preschool 3-5 years

A

Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning see p. 59 first aid

131
Q

Infant Deprivation Effects

A 
4 W's
Weak
Wordless
Wanting (socially)
Wary
132
Q

Manic Episode Diagnosis

A 
At least 1 week of symptoms 
manics DIG FAST
Distractibiligy
Irresponsibility
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
increased goal directe Activities/psychomotor Agitation
decreased need for Sleep
Talkativeness or pressured speech
133
Q

Major Depressive disorder diagnosis

A 
Episodes last 2 or more weeks. Need at least 5 criteria
SIG E CAPS
Sleep disturbance
loss of Interest (anhedonia)
Guilt or worthlessness
Energy loss and fatigue
COncentraton problems
Appetite/weight changes
Psychomotor regardation or agitation
Suicidal ideations
134
Q

Depression Sleep changes

A

Decreased slow wave sleep and decreased REM latency

Increased REM early in sleep and Increased total REM

135
Q

Suicide Risk Factors

A 
SAD PERSONS are more likely to commit suicide
Sex (male)
Age (teens or elderly)
Depression
Previous attempt
Ethanol or drugs
loss of Rational thinking
Sickness
Organized plan
No spouse
Social support lacking
136
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A

Remember ABC as Weird, Wild and Worried

Weird (Accusatory, Aloof, Awkward)
Paranoid
Schizoid, d=distant
Schizotypal, t=magical thinking

137
Q

Cluster B personality Disorders

A 
Wild (Bad to the Bone)
Antisocial=sociopath
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
138
Q

Cluster C Personality Disorder

A

Worried (Cowardly, Compulsive, Clingy)
Avoidant
Obsessive compulsive
Dependent

139
Q

High potency antipsychotics

A

Try to Fly High

High potency: TRIfluoperazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol

140
Q

Low potency antipsychotics

A

Cheating Thieves are Low
Low potency: Chlorpromazine, THioridazine
Chlorpromazine=Corneal deposits
Thioridazine=reTinal deposits

141
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A 
FEVER
Fever
Encephalopathy
Vital signs unstable
Enzymes increased
Rigidity of muscles
142
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A 
It's atypical for OLd CLOSets to QUIETly RISPER from A to Z
Olanzapine
Clozapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Aripiprazole
Ziprasidone
143
Q

Lithium Side Effects

A 
LMNOP
Lithium
Movement (tremor)
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
hypOthyroidism
Pregnancy problems
144
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity

A

Tri-C’s:
Convulsions
Coma
Cardiotoxicity (arrythmias)

also resp. depression, hyperpyrexia

145
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A 
MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai
Tranylcypromine-Train Zipper
Phenelzine-Funnel Zen
Isocarboxazid-Ice car box
Selegiline (selective MAO B inhibitor)-sledge lion
146
Q

Hormones that use cAMP signaling pathway

A

FLAT ChAMP (anterior pit. hormones; remember HCG share similar subunit) Giant with harmonica key (GHRH) and Glue King Kong (glucagon). Glue King Kong climbing to the top of the empire state building with a giant harmonica key hanging out of his fur. He wanted to beat the FLAT CHaMPS record for climbing to the top and unlocking the building

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH
MSH
PTH
calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon
147
Q

cGMP

A

Think things that vasodilate
ANP
BNP
NO (EDRF)

148
Q

IP3

A

GOAT HAG-think IP3 has to do with calcium so think the GOAT HAG made goat milk

GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH (V1 receptor)
TRH
Histamine (H1 receptor)
Angiotensin II
Gastrin
149
Q

Intracellular receptor (steroid hormone receptors)

A

VETTT CAP-Think how the VETTT was CAPped in his cell (intracellular) after being taken for prisoner of war.

Vitamin D
Estrogen
Testosterone
T3/T4
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Progesterone
150
Q

Inrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

Think growth factors/MAP Kinase pathway/mediates effects that promote anabolism and cell growth

Insulin
IGF
FGF
PDGF
EGF
151
Q

Receptor Associated Tyrosine Kinase

A

PIGGLET, jak/stat pathway/think acidophils and cytokines. Mrs. Pigglet was the Tyrant King’s Receptionist.

Prolactin
Immunomodulator(cytokines)
GH
GCSF
L-nothing
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
152
Q

MEN1

A

3 P’s
Pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH)
Parathyroid tumors
Pancreas (endocrine tumors)

153
Q

MEN 2A

A

2 P’s
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Pheochromcytoma

2 men with apples heads at roulette tables didn’t want to eat to get food. Ordered Dominoes-chrome fiat crashed into casino and delivered dominos and he was ejected out of parathyroid parachute

154
Q

Limbic System

A 
The famous 5 Fs
Feeding
Fleeing
Fighting
Feeling
Fucking
155
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
the hypothalamus wears TAN HATS
Thirst and wate balance
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temperature regulation
Sexual urges
156
Q

Hypothalamus Lateral area

A

If you zap your LATERAL nucleus, you shrink LATERALLY

Lateral area controls hunger, destruction=anorexia & failture to thrive, inhibited by leptin

157
Q

Hypothalamus ventromedial area

A

Ventromedial Area: If you zap your MEDIAL nucleus, you grow VENTRALLY and MEDIALLY

Satiety, destruction (like with craniopharyngioma)=hyperphagia. stimulated by leptin

158
Q

Hypothalamus anterior

A

Anterior Hypothalamus: Anterior nucleus=Cooling, pArasympathetic)- A/C= anterior cooling

Cooling,parasympathetic

159
Q

Hypothalamus posterior

A

Posterior Hypothalamus: Gets you fired up. If you zap your POSTERIOR hypothalamus you become poikilotherm (cold blooded like a snake)

Heating,sympathetic

160
Q

Hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: You need SLEEP to be CHARISMATIC (circadian rhythm)

circadian rhythm

161
Q

Structures arising from the neural crest cells

A

MOTEL PASS
melanocytes, odontoblasts, tracheal cartiage, enterochromaffin cells, laryngeal cartilage, parafollicular cels of the thyroid, adrenal medulla and all ganglia, Schwann cells, and spiral membrane.

162
Q

Sleep Stages ECG waveform

A

at night, BATS Drink Blood

Awake (eyes open)-Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)
Awake (eyes closed)-Alpha
Non rem Stage 1-Theta
non rem stage 2-Sleep spindles and K complexes
non rem stage 3-Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude
REM sleep-Beta

163
Q

Divisions of cranial nerve vessel pathway in skull

A

Divisions of CN 5 exit owing to Standing Room Only
Superior orbital fissure: V1
Foramen Rotundum: V2
Foramen Ovale: V3

164
Q

Mastication Muscles

A

It takes more mucles to keep your mouth shut

M’s for munch (keeps jaw closed)
Masseter
teMporalis
Medial pterygoid

Lateral Lowers (when speaking of pterygoids with respect to jaw motion)

Lateral pterygoids opens
All innervated by V3

165
Q

Branches of Facial Nerve (CN 7)

A 
Ten Zulus Bit My Chin
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal Mandibular
Cervical
166
Q

Cranial Nerve nuclei

A

Lateral nuclei=sensory (aLar plate)

Medial nuclei=Motor (basal plate)

167
Q

Cranial Nerve Nuclei that life medially at brain stem

A

Factors of 12 except 1 and 2

3,4,6,12
These cranial nerves lie medially

168
Q

Ocular motility

A

LR6SO4R3
CN 6 innervate lateral rectus
CN4 innervate superior oblique
CN3 innervate the Rest

169
Q

Ocular motility testing

A

Obliques go Opposite (left SO and IO tested with patient looking right

IOU: IO tested looking Up

170
Q

Vagal Nuclei-Nucleus Solitarius

A

nucleus Solitarius=visceral Sensory information (taste,baroreceptors,gut distention), CN 7,9,10

171
Q

Vagal nuclei-Nucleus Ambiguus

A

nucleus aMbiguus, Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (swallowing, palate elevation, CN 9,10, 11-cranial portion

172
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus

A

sends autonomic(parasympathetic)fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI, CN 10

173
Q

Horner syndrome

A

PAM is horny

Ptosis
Anhidrosis (and flushing-rubor of affected side)
Miosis

174
Q

Broca Area damage

A

Broca=Broken Boca

Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension and impaired reputation

175
Q

Wernicke Area damage

A

Wernicke is Wordy but makes no sense.
Wernicke=What?
Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension and repitition

176
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives

A 
Think PNS and non neural structures nearby
Dorsal root ganglion
cranial nerves
celiac ganglia
schwann cells
ANS
melanocytes
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
parafollicular C cells of thyroid
pia and arachnoid
bones of skull
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum
177
Q

Local Anesthetics Amides

A

amIdes have 2 I’s in name

lIdocaIne
mepIvacaIne
bupIvacaIne

178
Q

Sturge Weber characteristics

A 
STURGE-weber
sporadic
port wine Stain
Tram track calcifications
Unilateral 
Retardation (intellectual disability)
Glaucoma
GNAQ gene
Epilepsy/seizures
179
Q

Thalamus VPM

A

Makeup goes on the face
VPM
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway (input)
Face sensation & taste(info), primary somatosensory cortex (destination)

180
Q

LGN

A

Lateral=light

CN2 (input), vision (info), destination calcarine sulcus (destination)

181
Q

MGN

A

Medial=Music

Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum (input), hearing (info), auditory cortex of temporal lobe (destination)

182
Q

Upper motor neuron signs

A

UPper motor neuron=everything up (tone, DTR, toes, spasticity)

183
Q

Lower motor neuron signs

A

Lower MN=everything lowered (less muscle mass, decreased muscle tone, decreased reflexes, downgoing toes, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, fasciculations cause fibers yearning for excitatory potention from nerves and not going to get it)

184
Q

Deep nucle of cerebellum

A 
Don't Eat Greasy Foods
Lateral to medial deep nuclei
Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial
185
Q

Parkinsons’s drugs

A

Having Parkinson’s disease sucks BALSA

Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
Amantadine
Levodopa with carbidopa
Selegiline (and COMT inhibitors)
Antimuscarinics

Non ergot=pramipexole, ropinirole

186
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Charcot classic triad of MS is a SIN
Scanning speech
Intention tremor also Incontinence and Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Nystagmus

187
Q

Friedtrich Ataxia

A

Friedrich is Fratastic (frataxin): he’s your favorite frat brother, always Staggering and Falling but has a Sweet, Big heart

staggering gait
frequent falling
diabetes
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

and other stuff

188
Q

Ataxia Telangiectasia

A 
Lot of A's
ATM gene defect (can't repairt double stranded DNA break)
Ataxia
Angiomas (telangiectasia)
IgA deficiency
AFP increased
Decreased IgA, IgG, IgE
189
Q

Brachial Plexus

A 
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
190
Q

Hypothenar and Thenar Hand muscle functions

A

OAF
Oppose
Abduct
Flex

191
Q

Dorsal interossei muscle function

A

DAB=Dorsals ABduct

192
Q

Palmar interossei muscle function

A

PAD=Palmars ADduct

193
Q

Peroneal Nerve function

A

PED=Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes, if injured, foot dropPED

194
Q

Tibial Nerve function

A

TIP=Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes, if injured, can’t stand on TIPtoes

195
Q

T10 dermatome

A

T10 at belly butTEN

196
Q

L1 dermatome

A

L1 is IL (Inguinal Ligament)

197
Q

L4 dermatome

A

down on ALL 4’s (L4-kneecap)

198
Q

S2, 3, 4 dermatome

A

S 2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor

199
Q

Type 1 mucle fibers

A 
1 slow red ox
Slow twitch
red fibers from lot of mitochondria
increased OXidative phosphorylation
sustained contraction
200
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

To keep the spinal cord alive, keep the spinal needle between L3-L5

201
Q

AICA stroke effects

A

Facial droop means AICA’s pooped

Paralysis of face

202
Q

PICA stroke effects

A

Don’t PICK a PICA horse (hoarseness) that can’t eat (dysphagia)

203
Q

Malignancies with a propensity for bony metastasis

A 
PB/KTL lead kettle
Prostate
Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Lung
204
Q

Middle meningeal artery is branch of what artery?

A

Middle meningeal artery is branch of the maxillary artery (one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery)

205
Q

Causes of Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)

A 
ASEPTIC
Alcoholism
Sicle cell disease
Storage
Exogenous/Endogenous corticosteroids
Pancreatitis
Trauma
Idiopathic (Legg-Calve Perthes)
Caisson (the bends)
206
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles

A 
SItS
Supraspnatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor (little T)
Subscapularis
207
Q

Wrist Bones

A

So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb (starting from radial snuffbox area)

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate (largest, central)
Trapezoid
Trapezium (thumb swings on the trapezium)
208
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

A 
RASH OR PAIN
Rash (malar or discoid)
Arthritis
Soft tissue/serositis
Hematologic disorders (cytopenia)
Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
Renal disease, Raynaud phenomenon
Photosensitivity, Positive VDRL/RPR
Antinuclear antibodies
Immunosuppresants
Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
209
Q

Drugs associated with drug induced Lupus

A 
SHIPP
Sulfonamides 
Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Procainamide
Phenytoin
210
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Duchenne=deleted dystrophin

211
Q

Epidermis Layers

A

Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis

Stratum Corneum 
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum (desmosomes)
Stratum Basale (stem cell site)
212
Q

Cadherins

A

CADherins are Ca2+ dependent Adhesion proteins. Loss of cadherins promotes metastasis

213
Q

Lichen Planus

A 
Lincoln on the Plain, 6 P's
Pruritic
Purple
Polygonal
Planar
Papules
Plaques
Also think of Wickman striae, Hepatitis C and sawtooth infiltrate
214
Q

Divisions of superficial lymphatic system in lower extremities

A

Medial and lateral track

Medial track bypass popliteal nodes (Ex: lesions on medial foot cause inguinal lymphadenopathy, run with saphenous vein)

Lateral track drain to popliteal and inguinal nodes

215
Q

Glans penis lymph drainage

A

Deep lymphatic system into deep inguinal nodes

216
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves innervation

A 
All intrinsic muscles of larynx-singing voice sing PLOTT PLOTT
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Oblique arytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
217
Q

X linked recessive disorders

A 
Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds Silly HOpe
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
Wiskott Aldrich
Fabry Disease
G6PD Deficiency
Ocular albinism
Lesch Nyan Syndrome
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy
Hunter Syndrome
Hemophillia A and B
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Step 1 Mnemonics (1 decks)

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