MNEMONICS

Question 1

What are the GASTROINTESTINAL causes of vomiting in the paediatric population? And what is the most common? (not a GI cause)

Answer 1

FAMINE HIP GAIT Food allergy Atresia Meconium ileus Intussception Necrotising enterocolitis Eosipnophillic oesophagitis Hirschbrungs Intestinal malrotation Pyloric stenosis GOR / GORD Appendicitis Imperforate anus Tracheo-oesophageal fistula But the most common cause is most likely GASTROENTERITIS (an infectious cause)

Question 2

What are the causes of STRIDOR in kids?

Answer 2

• ABCDEFGH
• WITH FEVER
  
  • Abscess (peritonsillar or retropharyngeal)
  • Big tonsils (tonsillitis) OR bacterial tracheitis
  • Croup
  • Diptheria
  • Epiglottitis
• WITHOUT FEVER
  
  • Floppy airways (tracheomalacia, bronchomalacia)
  • Gagging on foreign object
  • Hypersensitivity / hamangioma

Question 3

Causes of ingionoscrotal lumps in neonates

Answer 3

HILT

• Hydrocele, encysted in the groin
• Inguinal hernia
• Lymphadenitis with an abscess - rare
• Testis - undescended

Question 4

Causes of cyanotic heart disease in children

Answer 4

1,2,3,4,5 T’s

• 1 vessels - Truncus arteriosus
• 2 vessels swap - Transposition of the great arteries
• 3 = TRIcuspid atresia
• 4 = TETRAlogy of fallot
• 5 words = Total anomalous Pulmonary venous return

Question 5

Causes of acyanotic L to right shunts in children

Answer 5

The three Ds

• vsD
• asD
• pDa

Question 6

Causes of Petechaiae in a child

Answer 6

SHIELD

• Sepsis (meningococcal)
• Henoch-schonlein Purpura/Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
• Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
• Events (non-accidental or accidental)
• Leukaemia
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (usually in the context of severe illness)

Question 7

Causes of Limp in all ages (including the unexpected Masquerades!)

Answer 7

MINIVAN

• Malignancy
  
  • Leukaemia, solid tumour infiltration and osteosarcoma
• Infection
  
  • Transient synovitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis
• Non-accidental injury and other trauma
• Inguinoscrotal pathology
  
  • ??testicular torsion
• Vasculitis (HSP) and other rheumatic conditions
• Abdominal pathology
  
  • Appendicitis and psoas involvement
• Neuromuscular disease
  
  • Cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy

Question 8

Relative contraindications to IOL

Answer 8

CAMP HI

• C section previously
• Act quickly (code green)
• Malpresentation
• Placenta Previa
• High parity - increased risk of uterine rupture
• Infections / IUGR

Question 9

Risks of IOL

Answer 9

PATH and ROAD

• Prolapsed umbilical cord
• Abruption of placenta
• Tachysystole/ Hyperstimulation
• Hyponatraemia and Haemorrhage
• Rupture of uterus
• Oedema/fluid retention
• Atonic uterus
• Didn’t work -> failure of induction

Question 10

Requirements for a forceps delivery

Answer 10

FORCEPS

• Fully dilated cervix
• OA poition (ideal)
• Ruptured membrances
• Contractions/catheter
• Episotomy and epidural
• Presentation: cephalic
• Spines - at or below

Question 11

Methods of IOL

Answer 11

PROMPT

• Prostaglandins
• Rupture of membranes
• Oxytocin
• Membrane stretch and sweep
• Put in a
• Transcervical catheter

Question 12

Reading a CTG

Answer 12

DR C BRaVADO

• Define risks
• Contractions
• Baseline Rate
• Variability
• Accelerations
• Decelerations
• Overall Impression

Question 13

Foetal monitoring

Answer 13

SAM BLACK

• Clinical
  
  • Symphsiofundal height
  • Auscultate the foetal heart
  • Movements felt
• Sonographic
  
  • Biophysical profile
  • Lengths - HC, AC, FL and estimated weight
  • Amniotic Fluid index
  • CTG
  • Kink in diastole? Uterine artery dopler

Question 14

Causes of limp/non-weight bearing in a child?

Answer 14

Hop to Move ADAPTATIONS

• HSP
• Malignancy (ALL)
• Articular or non-articular stress fracture
• DDH (age 1-4)
• Arthritis/JIA
• Perthes disease (age 4-10)
• Toddler’s fracture (age 1-4)
• Apendicitis
• Transient synovitis
• Inguinoscrotal pathology/testicular torsion
• Osteomyelitis/septic arthritis
• NAI
• SUFE (aged>10)

Question 15

Asthma history

Answer 15

FIT CAMPSITES

• Frequency and severity of attacks
• Interval symptoms
• Technique using inhaler
• Compliance with preventer
• Atopy, personal or family history of
• Medications, past and current
• Pets in the house
• School missed
• ICU or hospital admissions
• Triggers
• Exercise tolerance
• Smokers in the house

Question 16

What is the criteria for diagnosis of anorexia nervosa?

Answer 16

Weight **F**ear **B**others **A**norexics

Weight criterion: failure to maintain weight ti be >85% of the expected weight for age, or less than BMI 17.5

Fear: the intense fear of gaining weight despite being underweight.

Body Image: disturbance of perception of one’s body shape and weight, or unable to appreciate seriousness of the current low weight.

Amenorrhea: Needs to miss three consecutive menstrual cycles (enquire about OCP – could be OCP-induced)

Question 17

What questions should you ask someone that you suspect to have bulimia nervosa?

Answer 17

SCOFF

1. Do you make yourself SICK because you feel uncomfortably full?
2. Do you worry you have lost CONTROL over how much you eat?
3. Have you recently lost more than ONE stone (6.35kg) in a three month period?
4. Do you believe youself to be FAT when others say you are too thin?
5. Would you say your FOOD dominates your life?