MNCV Flashcards

1
Q

Myelinated fibers

Term to describe the flow of electrical current in a myelinated fiber

A

Saltatory condution: AP jumps between nodes of Ranvier

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2
Q

Myelinated fibers

Conduction velocity is ____ to fiber diameter

A

Proportional

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3
Q

Myelinated fibers

Which cells produce myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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4
Q

Action potentials

2 types of refractory periods in an AP

A
  • Absolute: NO AP can be generated. ~1 ms
  • Relative: Stronger stimulus needed to generate AP

Slide 11

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5
Q

Name the 3 large classification of nerve fibers

A
  • A-fibers: Myelinated somatic
  • B-fibers: Preganglionic autonomic
  • C-fibers: Post-ganglionic autonomic and non-myelinated somatic

Slide 13

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6
Q

Which types of fibers are
a) the fastest
b) the slowest

A

a) A-fibers (largest)
b) C-fibers (smallest)

Slide 13

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7
Q

Nerve conduction studies

What are the 3 waveforms measured in nerve conduction studies

A
  1. Compound sensory nerve AP (CSNAP)
  2. Compount muscle AP (CMAP)
  3. Mixed nerve AP
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8
Q

Nerve conduction studies

Describe electrode placement.
Understand anodal block and how to avoid it.

A

*We use sets of stimulating electrodes (cathode + anode) placed proximally to stimulate a specific nerve

*Then place recording electrodes over the target muscle, and ground electrode between recording and stimulating electrodes

Stimulating electrodes:
- Cathode (-, black) is closest to the nerve
- Anode (+, red) is SQ or farthest from the recording electrodes (to avoid anodal block). See slide 6 of SNCV.
- 2 sets of stimulating electrodes (+-) must be separated by at least 10 cm

Ground:
- Between set of recording and stimulating electrodes

Recording electrodes
- Active (black): at muscle motor point
- Reference (red): remotely

Note on anodal block:
- cathode depolarizes vs anode hyperpolarizes
- Anodal block occurs if the anode is placed too close to the recording electrode, hyperpolarizing and blocking the electrical current. Same principle for SNCV.

anode stinks, so far from recording.

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9
Q

Motor nerve action potentials

What is the recorded wave called ?

A

M wave (Compound Muscle Action Potential, CMAP)

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10
Q

MNCV

How is MNCV determined (formula)

A

NCV (m/s) = Distance (mm)/(L1-L2 ms)

D=between the two stim electrodes.
L1=proximal latency, L2=distal late

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11
Q

Define..

CMAP latency

A

Time from onset of the stimulus artifact –> onset of the first deflection (proximal vs distal)

slide 30

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12
Q

Define..

Onset latency

A

Conduction time of the fastest conducting axons

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13
Q

Define..

Residual latency

A

Collective delay throught the fine intramuscular branches and at the NMJ.

Better than ‘‘distal latency’’ as a measure of distal nerve disease

Unaffected by limb lenght

FORMULA SLIDE 33

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14
Q

define

CMAP amplitude

A

Distance (mm) from peak to peak

slide 30

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15
Q

Define..

CMAP duration

A

Time (ms) from initial deviation from baseline to final return to baseline

slide 30

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16
Q

***

Adult MNCV values are reached at what age in
a) dogs
b) cats

A

a) 6m-1y
b) 3m

17
Q

At what age does MNCV start decreasing in
a) dogs
b) cats

A

a) 7 yo
b) 10 yo

18
Q

As animal ages, CMAP ____ in duration and ____ in amplitude

A

increase
increase
(become wider and higher)

19
Q

in dogs..

Effect of T° on MNCV?

A

Every 1°C↓ leads to 1.7-1.8 m/s MNCV↓

20
Q

Effect of limb lenght?

A
  • slower MNCV
  • Smaller CMAP amplitude
  • Longer CMAP duration

Due to longer ‘‘tapering segment’’ in longer peripheral nerves

21
Q

Normal CMAP waveform

A
  • Biphasic, with initial negative (upward) deflection
  • 15-20 mV amplitude (peak-peak)
  • CMAP morphology should be the same at the proximal and distal stimulations (only difference = latency)
  • Physiologic temporal dispersion: proximal stimulus can have slightly longer duration and lower amplitude than distal stimulus
22
Q

3 types of CMAP alterations?

A

1) decreased amplitude
2) increased latency
3) absent response

23
Q

Name the 3 types of nerve injuries in increasing order of severity

A
  • Neuropraxia: Conduction alteration without neuronal structural change. Recovery: days-weeks
  • Axonotmetis: Physical interruption of axons –> Wallerian degeneration. Recovery: months-years, nerve fiber regeneration is 1-4 mm/day.
  • Neurotmesis: complete severance of a nerve including connective tissue. Recovery: slow, incomplete or absent.
24
Q

Significance of..

↑CMAP latency

A

Demyelination

Note: Peripheral neuropathies will lead to increased latencies, but not always lower MNCV, as the surviving axons may conduct normally.

25
Q

↓CMAP amplitude

A
  • axonopathy (neuropraxia or axonotmesis)
  • ↓ NM transmission (e.g. botulism)
  • Severe myopathy
26
Q

Temporal dispersion

A

When there is a difference between the conduction times between different axons of the same nerves

Creates a polymorphic waveform with ↑CMAP duration

Slide 59

27
Q

Phase cancellation

A

Cancellation between peaks of oposite polarity due to temporal dispersion. Creates a lower CMAP amplitude.

Slide 59

28
Q

Absent response (flat line)

A

fails to distinguish between neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis

29
Q

Conduction block, definition and significance

A
  • ↓ in proximal vs distal CMAP amplitude by > 50% without significant dispersion
  • Occurs with demyelination, neuropraxia, axonotmesis

Slide 58