MMW MIDTERMS Flashcards
a science which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data so as to give a more meaningful information.
STATISTICS
refers to the collection, organization,summary, and presentation of data
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
deals with the interpretation and analysis of data where conclusion is drawn based from the subset of the population.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values in different persons, places, or things.
VARIABLE
- data which can assume values that manifest the concept of attributes.
- aka categorical data
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
- data are obtained from counting or measuring.
- Numerical data which represents the numerical value i.e. how much, how often, how many
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
- values in the variable are used to label or classify variables.
- has no order
- words, letters, and alpha numeric symbols can be used
NOMINAL
- values represent discrete and ordered units.
- follows a natural order
ORDINAL
- values tell the distances between the measurements in addition to the classification and ordering.
- do not have a true zero point
INTERVAL
- the most informative level of measurement.
- The combination of first three levels of measurements.
- order units that have the same difference
- have an absolute zero
RATIO
a way of selecting individual members or a subset of the population to make statistical inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the whole population.
SAMPLING METHODS
the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
POPULATION
the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.
SAMPLE
every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data. It is often used in exploratory and qualitative research.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
- Two ways: lottery or fishbowl technique and table of random numbers.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Sometimes referred to as “area sampling”
CLUSTER SAMPLING
to use this sampling method, divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
are always at least somewhat biased, as some people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.
VOLUNTARY RESPONSE SAMPLING
also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- provide raw information and first-hand evidence.
- Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art.
- gives direct access to the subject of your research
PRIMARY SOURCES
- provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers.
- Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books.
- describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources
SECONDARY SOURCES
this method is by far the most common means of data gathering
Interviews
data gathering is an indirect interview, used when potential respondents know why they’re being asked questions and hesitate to answer. The interviewees get an incomplete question, and they must fill in the rest, using their opinions, feelings, and attitudes.
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE
each expert answers questions in their field of specialty, and the replies are consolidated into a single opinion.
DELPHI TECHNIQUE
like interviews, are a commonly used technique. The group consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a dozen people, led by a moderator, brought together to discuss the issue.
FOCUS GROUPS
are a simple, straightforward data collection method. Respondents get a series of questions, either open or close-ended, related to the matter at hand.
QUESTIONNAIRES
In this method, collected data are presented in narrative and paragraph forms. This mode of presentation combines text and figures in a statistic
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
This mode of presentation is better than textual form. The data are systematically presented through tables consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings for an easier and more comprehensible comparison of figural report.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
Data gathered are presented in visual or pictorial form. This would enable the researcher to get clear view of the relationships of data through pictures and colored maps.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
It is the most widely used practical device effective in showing a trend over a period.
LINE GRAPH
the simplest form of graphic presentation. It is generally intended for comparison of simple magnitude.
BAR GRAPH
uses pictorial symbols for population to indicate data.
PICTOGRAPH/ PICTOGRAM
the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution. It is constructed by plotting the class boundaries on the horizontal or x-axis against the cumulative “less than” and “more than” frequencies plotted on the vertical or y-axis.
O-GIVE CURVE
a closed broken line curve constructed by plotting the class marks on the horizontal or x-axis against the class frequencies which are plotted on the vertical y-axis.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
is a tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or grouping according to magnitude or size.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
