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asia > Mmidterm > Flashcards

Mmidterm Flashcards

1
Q

Ineffable force of the universe, controls things beyond explanation; “The Way”

A

Tao

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2
Q

In Confucianism, the ultimate virtue of humanity

A

Ren

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3
Q

In Confucianism, righteousness

A

Yi

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4
Q

In Confucianism, social norms, including ritual, manners, and rules

A

Li

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5
Q

The Confucian term for “gentleman,” a model of human excellence who is human, wise, and brave

A

Junzi

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6
Q

An attitude of respect for parents and ancestors

A

Filial piety

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7
Q

Collection of Confucius’ teachings

A

Analects

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8
Q

Principle of Taoism that encourages inaction and following of the Tao

A

Wu-wei

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9
Q

Goddess of mercy and passion in Chinese myth

A

Guanyin

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10
Q

One of the five Confucian classics consisting of poetry

A

Book of Songs

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11
Q

“The Enlightened One,” key figure in Buddhism

A

Buddha

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12
Q

Sect of Buddhism that encourages attaining personal enlightenment

A

Chan/Zen

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13
Q

An alternate name for Buddha, meaning “Sage of the Shakyas”

A

Sakyamuni

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14
Q

In Buddhism, the idea that moral deeds interconnect with reincarnation

A

Karma

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15
Q

First united Chinese empire

A

Qin Dynasty

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16
Q

Chinese empire that began written history with oracle bones

A

Shang Dynasty

17
Q

Common features of East Asian countries

A

Chinese writing system derived languages, Shared ideas (Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism), and cultural similarities

18
Q

Mencius’ idea on human nature

A

Man by nature is good, believed in the concept of ren (benevolence)

19
Q

Xunzi’s idea on human nature

A

Man is innately selfish, goodness is only attainable through education and good conduct

20
Q

Differences between Confucianism and Legalism

A

Confucianism states that moral promotion is the way to run society

Legalism states that moral promotion is useless, and the only way to run society is through discipline

21
Q

Characteristics of chan meditation

A

Sudden enlightenment, enlightenment is a sudden conformation to the truth

22
Q

Three major origins of religious Taoism

A

Philosophical taoism

Practice for achieving immortality

Shamanism

23
Q

Difference between external and internal alchemy

A

External: focused on creating an elixir of life using cinnabar

Internal: focused on reaching immortality through physical, mental, and spiritual practices such as embryonic breathing

24
Q

Six paths/realms of Buddhism

A

Gods, ghosts, humans, titans, animals, hell

25
Q

Five precepts of Buddhism

A

Killing, stealing, sexual immorality, lying, and taking intoxicants

26
Q

Enlightened beings that remain on Earth to help others reach enlightenment

A

Bodhisattva

27
Q

Someone who has escaped rebirth by achieving enlightenment

A

Arhat

28
Q

Differences between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism

A

Mahayana: Universal salvation, Bodhisattva, collectivistic approach

Hinayana: Individual salvation, Arhat, individualistic approach

29
Q

Differences between Chan/Zen Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism

A

Chan/Zen: focuses on individual enlightenment and salvation

Pure Land: focuses on strict ethical principles and worship of the Buddha as a deity

30
Q

Differences between Heavenly Master and Total Perfection Taoism

A

Heavenly Master: focuses on Fu-lu, magical figures, to heal illness and prevent disaster

Total Perfection: focuses on the practice of alchemy to achieve immortality

31
Q

Confucius’ main ideas

A

Ren, Li, and Junzi are basis of society

All people should practice filial piety and respect their family

Good government brings a good society, government is improved through education

32
Q

Main ideas of Laozi

A

The Tao is a nameless and ineffable force that guides everything

Tao is for a man to be one with

The “wu” approach of inaction to follow the Tao

Confucianism is the source of harm in the world

33
Q

Zhungzi’s main ideas

A

Spiritual freedom: no self or accomplishments

Equality of all things: all value is relative and not absolute

Identity of life and death: life and death are destined, part of the Tao, and should be accepted

34
Q

Differences between philosophical Taoism and Confucianism

A

Taoism:
Individual centered
Against concept of society
Encourages nonaction and naturalism
Rejects social structures and constructs

Confucianism:
Community centered
Optimistic about society
Encourages moralism through ethics
Structured around social constructs such as ritual and property

35
Q

Major practices of Religious Taoism

A

Focus on immortality and the longevity of life

Popular deity worship

Ancestor veneration

Ritual practices

36
Q

Basic teachings of Buddhism

A

Truth of suffering: suffering is universal and inevitable

Truth of arising: suffering arises as a result of desire

Truth of cessation: when desire is removed suffering ceases

Truth of the path: the path of cessation of suffering leads to nirvana, enlightenment

Karma determines the fate of a person’s rebirth

Five Precepts are the root of evil

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