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Molecular Biology > MMBIO 240 > Flashcards

MMBIO 240 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA central dogma

A

DNA replication, then transcription, then translation

maybe back to replication through reverse transcription

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2
Q

Mendel’s 2 Fundamental laws for heredity

A

1 Law of segregation

2 Law of independent assortment

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3
Q

Law of segregation

A

allele pairs segregate during gamete formation

1 trait–> 3:1 ratio

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4
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

separate genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation
(2 traits-> 9:3:3:1 ratio)

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5
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

expression of an intermediate phenotype

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6
Q

codominance

A

expression of both phenotypes (blood)

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7
Q

linked genes

A

two genes that are very close to each other on the same chromosome will be unlikely to separate during gamete formation
(inherited together unless separated during meiotic recombination)

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8
Q

high frequency of recombination opposed to low frequency

A

higher the frequency, the further the genes are apart on the chromosome.

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9
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

females have two x chromosomes, so if one is bad, the other can mask it… if guys get the x chromosome… THEY ARE SCREWED
-non-mendelian

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10
Q

Is it possible for a woman to get hemophilia?

A

YES, but she would need to have a hemophiliac dad and a mom with at least one gene for it

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11
Q

Hemophilia cause

A

sex linked trait (non-mendelian)

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12
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

repeat of CAG sequence (triplet expansion)

non-mendelian

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13
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

single nucleotide mutation

from A to T

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14
Q

sickle-cell mendelian on non-mendelian

A

disease is mendelian

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15
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

caused by mutation which is a deletion of three nucleotides that result in loss of phenylalanine
(non-mendelian)

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16
Q

Griffith and Avery experiment

A

Mice with smooth (virulent), rough (non-virulent), heat-killed strains of streptococcus pneumoniae

17
Q

why is smooth strain virulent?

A

smooth coating hides the bacteria from mouse’s immune system

18
Q

transforming principle was destroyed by what?

A

DNase, but not RNase or protease

19
Q

Hershey and Chase experiment

A

Radioactive sulfur detected in supernatant, Radioactive P found in pellets
S in S and P in P

20
Q

function of DNA ligase

A

join two proteins

21
Q

function of terminal transferase is

A

adds homopolymers tails to the 3’ OH ends of a linear duplex

22
Q

reverse transcriptase functions is

A

make a DNA copy of an RNA molecule

23
Q

function of polynucleotide kinase is

A

adds a phosphate to the 5’ OH end of a polynucleotide

24
Q

Which molecules cause premature DNA termination in Sanger Sequencing

A

dideoxynucleotides

25
Q

What types of base pairs can form in neutral RNA, but can’t form in DNA

A

G-U

A-A

26
Q

what denatures RNA?

A

heat

27
Q

which nucleotides are purines?

A

G&A general authorities are pure

28
Q

what is needed in cloning vectors?

A
  • genes for antibiotic resistance
  • origin of replication
  • several unique restriction enzyme cut sites
29
Q

what is not needed in cloning vectors

A

large size to accommodate DNA inserts

30
Q

how to make cDNA library from mRNA

A

cloning vectors and PCR

31
Q

how can you make blunt ended DNA have sticky ends?

A

homopolymer tails

32
Q

what allows efficient transcription of a cloned gene in an expression vector

A

bacterial promoter

33
Q

what is different about dideoxynucleotides

A

lacks a 3’ OH

34
Q

type II restriction endonuclease

A

cleaves DNA at specific base sequences

35
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

fills single-stranded gaps in duplex DNA by addition of nucleotides to 3’ ends

36
Q

Exonuclease III

A

Removes nucleotide residues from the 3’ ends of a DNA strand

37
Q

Bacteriophage exonuclease

A

Removes nucleotides from the 5’ ends of a duplex to expose single-stranded 3’ ends

38
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A

removes terminal phosphates from the 5’ end. the 3’ end, or both

Molecular Biology (1 decks)

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