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Microbiology > Mm1 > Flashcards

Mm1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you differentiate between gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram stain technique
Stain with violet die and iodine
Alcohol rinse
Red dye

Violet = gram +ve Pink= gram -ve

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2
Q

What are some gram-positive examples

A

Staphylococcus aureus, strep pneumonia

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3
Q

What does some gram negative examples

A

E. coli, salmonella, shigella

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4
Q

Explain the differences in the cells of gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram-positive have one plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram-negative have two plasma membranes and a dinner peptidoglycan cell wall btwn

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5
Q

List some examples of extracellular pathogens

A

Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Neisseria

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6
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to escape the endosome/phagosome when in host cell

A

Listeria, shigella

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7
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to prevent fusion with lysosomes when in the endosome/phagosome when in host cell

A

Salmonella, mycobacteria, chlamydia

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8
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to survive in the endosome/phagosome once it has fused with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome when in host cell

A

Coxiella

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9
Q

What are the three main ways bacteria can use to exchange genetic material

A

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

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10
Q

Define transformation

A

Taking in naked DNA from surroundings and integrating into the host Genome

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11
Q

Define transduction

A

Basic process of viral replication

Some bacterial DNA packaged and inserted into new bacterial Genome

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12
Q

Define conjugation

A

Bridge forms between two bacteria, plasmids are exchanged across

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13
Q

Define infectivity

A

Do you ability of a pathogen to establish an infection

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14
Q

Define virulence

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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15
Q

What does infective dose mean

A

The minimum amount of pathogen that is required to establish disease

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16
Q

List two examples of important bacterial pathogens in the mouth

A

Streptococcus pyogenes – tonsillitis

Meningococcal septicaemia

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17
Q

List example of a important bacterial pathogens which infects the upper respire tree tract

A

Streptococcus pneumonia – pneumonia

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18
Q

This is an example of an important bacterial pathogens which infects the faeco oral route

A

Cholera – salt and water lost from the gut due to toxin released

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19
Q

List example of an important bacterial pathogens which affects the skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus -neutrophil killing toxin

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20
Q

List for examples of gram negative bacteria

A

Neisseria (meningitidis and gonorrhoea), E. coli, salmonella, shigella

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21
Q

List for examples of gram-positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, listeria, clostridium

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22
Q

Recall the Disease continuum of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, MODS – multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

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23
Q

What is SIRS

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Defined by the criteria
Temperature over 38 or under 36
Resting heart rate is greater than 90
Resting resp rate is greater than 20
WBC count >10,000 or <4,000

2 or more = SIRS

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24
Q

Explain what sepsis is

A

SIRS plus Infection
Sepsis and septic shock or systemic inflammatory responses to infection

Caused by immune and vascular system overreaction and dysregulation

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25
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of severe sepsis

A

Sepsis and lactic acidosis/SBP<90/SBP drop by 40 or more

26
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of septic shock

A

Severe sepsis and hypotension

27
Q

Describe the six steps in septic shock pathophysiology

A
  1. WBC recruitment (bc pathogens)
  2. Release NO for inc permeability/vasodilation
  3. Reduced Blood flow contributes to shock
  4. Inc permeability leads to fluid loss to interstitial space and therefore less perfusion and hypotension
  5. Chemical release from WBC leads to endothelial damage – permeability inc
  6. Inc Cardiac Output to compensate low TPR
28
Q

How can you treat sepsis

A

Early detection and target the infection
Broad-spectrum antibiotics and then organism specific
Provide blood products so there is more RBCs – better perfusion

Aim INC BP to prevent shock

  • fluids
  • vasopressors
29
Q

Explain individual differences in susceptibility to infection

A

Genetic, microbiome-gut,skin, nutrition-Vit A, social networks, stress, splenectomy, immunosuppression

30
Q

Genetic’s determine susceptibility to particular pathogens – what is the main genetic factor

A

HLA/MHC

Determines which antigens = Recognised

31
Q

What are the reasons for the high rate of hospital acquired infection

A

High density of very ill people – lots of pathogens
People moving around – spreading vectors
Open wounds— easy portal of entry
Inserted medical devices – catheters, cannulas
Antibiotic therapy

32
Q

Which antimicrobials inhibits Cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin

33
Q

Which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis

A

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin

34
Q

Which antimicrobial injures the plasma membrane

A

Polymyxin B

35
Q

Which antimicrobials inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription

A

Quinolones, rifampin

36
Q

Which antimicrobials inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites

A

Sulfanilamide, trimethoprim

37
Q

What do beta-lactam do

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis – peptidoglycan

38
Q

What does tetracycline do

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

39
Q

What does chloramphenicol do

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

40
Q

What do quinolones do

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

41
Q

What are the four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A

Alter target site
Antibiotic inactivation
Altered metabolism
Decreased drug accumulation

42
Q

Explain why antimicrobial resistance is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and cost

A

There is more exposure to hospital pathogens causing more illness and more drugs

43
Q

What are some gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria

A

E. coli, salmonella, Neisseria gonorrhoea

44
Q

What are some gram-positive multidrug resistant bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus – MRSA, streptococcus pneumonia, Clostridium difficile

45
Q

What are some micro bacteria that are multidrug resistant bacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

46
Q

Summarise the main approaches used to prevent hospital acquired infections and the emergence of drug resistant bacteria

A

Tighter controls, use for only dangerous infections, reduce use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, identify resistant strains quicker, combination therapy

47
Q

What is active immunisation

A

Body making its own antibodies, gives memory cells, protected against future infection

Natural – normal infection
Artificial – vaccine

48
Q

What is passive immunisation

A

Antibodies given directly, short lasting immunity, no memory cell production

Natural – breastmilk and across placenta
Artificial— snake anti-venom

49
Q

Explain what a live attenuated vaccine is

Include eg

A

A whole virus with reduced Virulence
Lifelong immunity

Eg. MMR

50
Q

Explain what an inactivated vaccine is

Inc eg

A

Dead form of the pathogen
Long-lasting but not lifelong immunity

Hep A, flu

51
Q

Explain what A subunit vaccine is

Inc eg.

A

Strong immunity to the antigens in the vaccine

Hep B

52
Q

Explain what a toxoid vaccine is

Inc eg.

A

Injection of the toxins that causes the disease – no protection against pathogen itself

Tetanus

53
Q

Explain what a conjugate vaccine is

Inc eg.

A

The binding of a weak antigen to a strong antigen so that response to the weak antigen is bigger

Pneumococcus

54
Q

What does medical microbiology allow

A

Identifies a bacterial or viral infection and uses this to assign the most appropriate treatment

55
Q

What fungal properties make them different to bacteria

A

They digest food extracellularly
Spread via spores over large distances
Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound nucleus, cell wall, DNA

56
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of antifungal drugs

A

Cell membrane – targets ergosterol production
DNA synthesis
Cell wall

57
Q

Which antifungal drugs target the cell membrane

A

Polyene antibiotics

Anole antifungals

58
Q

Which antifungal drugs target DNA synthesis

A

Pyrimidine analogues

59
Q

Which antifungal drugs target the cell wall

A

Echinocandins

60
Q

What is superficial mycoses

Give a name example of this type of infection

A

A fungal infection on the outermost layers of skin/hair

Times capitals/dandruff

61
Q

What is deep mycoses

Give a name to example of this type of infection

A

Infection via resp, GI, IV devices, catheter

Coccidioides Immitis

Microbiology (2 decks)

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