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Microbiology > Mm1 > Flashcards

Mm1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do you differentiate between gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram stain technique
Stain with violet die and iodine
Alcohol rinse
Red dye

Violet = gram +ve Pink= gram -ve

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2
Q

What are some gram-positive examples

A

Staphylococcus aureus, strep pneumonia

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3
Q

What does some gram negative examples

A

E. coli, salmonella, shigella

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4
Q

Explain the differences in the cells of gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram-positive have one plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram-negative have two plasma membranes and a dinner peptidoglycan cell wall btwn

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5
Q

List some examples of extracellular pathogens

A

Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Neisseria

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6
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to escape the endosome/phagosome when in host cell

A

Listeria, shigella

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7
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to prevent fusion with lysosomes when in the endosome/phagosome when in host cell

A

Salmonella, mycobacteria, chlamydia

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8
Q

List examples of intracellular pathogens which are able to survive in the endosome/phagosome once it has fused with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome when in host cell

A

Coxiella

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9
Q

What are the three main ways bacteria can use to exchange genetic material

A

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

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10
Q

Define transformation

A

Taking in naked DNA from surroundings and integrating into the host Genome

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11
Q

Define transduction

A

Basic process of viral replication

Some bacterial DNA packaged and inserted into new bacterial Genome

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12
Q

Define conjugation

A

Bridge forms between two bacteria, plasmids are exchanged across

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13
Q

Define infectivity

A

Do you ability of a pathogen to establish an infection

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14
Q

Define virulence

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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15
Q

What does infective dose mean

A

The minimum amount of pathogen that is required to establish disease

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16
Q

List two examples of important bacterial pathogens in the mouth

A

Streptococcus pyogenes – tonsillitis

Meningococcal septicaemia

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17
Q

List example of a important bacterial pathogens which infects the upper respire tree tract

A

Streptococcus pneumonia – pneumonia

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18
Q

This is an example of an important bacterial pathogens which infects the faeco oral route

A

Cholera – salt and water lost from the gut due to toxin released

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19
Q

List example of an important bacterial pathogens which affects the skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus -neutrophil killing toxin

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20
Q

List for examples of gram negative bacteria

A

Neisseria (meningitidis and gonorrhoea), E. coli, salmonella, shigella

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21
Q

List for examples of gram-positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, listeria, clostridium

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22
Q

Recall the Disease continuum of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, MODS – multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

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23
Q

What is SIRS

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Defined by the criteria
Temperature over 38 or under 36
Resting heart rate is greater than 90
Resting resp rate is greater than 20
WBC count >10,000 or <4,000

2 or more = SIRS

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24
Q

Explain what sepsis is

A

SIRS plus Infection
Sepsis and septic shock or systemic inflammatory responses to infection

Caused by immune and vascular system overreaction and dysregulation

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25
Explain the pathophysiology of severe sepsis
Sepsis and lactic acidosis/SBP<90/SBP drop by 40 or more
26
Explain the pathophysiology of septic shock
Severe sepsis and hypotension
27
Describe the six steps in septic shock pathophysiology
1. WBC recruitment (bc pathogens) 2. Release NO for inc permeability/vasodilation 3. Reduced Blood flow contributes to shock 4. Inc permeability leads to fluid loss to interstitial space and therefore less perfusion and hypotension 5. Chemical release from WBC leads to endothelial damage – permeability inc 6. Inc Cardiac Output to compensate low TPR
28
How can you treat sepsis
Early detection and target the infection Broad-spectrum antibiotics and then organism specific Provide blood products so there is more RBCs – better perfusion Aim INC BP to prevent shock - fluids - vasopressors
29
Explain individual differences in susceptibility to infection
Genetic, microbiome-gut,skin, nutrition-Vit A, social networks, stress, splenectomy, immunosuppression
30
Genetic’s determine susceptibility to particular pathogens – what is the main genetic factor
HLA/MHC | Determines which antigens = Recognised
31
What are the reasons for the high rate of hospital acquired infection
High density of very ill people – lots of pathogens People moving around – spreading vectors Open wounds— easy portal of entry Inserted medical devices – catheters, cannulas Antibiotic therapy
32
Which antimicrobials inhibits Cell wall synthesis
Penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin
33
Which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin
34
Which antimicrobial injures the plasma membrane
Polymyxin B
35
Which antimicrobials inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription
Quinolones, rifampin
36
Which antimicrobials inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites
Sulfanilamide, trimethoprim
37
What do beta-lactam do
Inhibit cell wall synthesis – peptidoglycan
38
What does tetracycline do
Inhibit protein synthesis
39
What does chloramphenicol do
Inhibit protein synthesis
40
What do quinolones do
Inhibit protein synthesis
41
What are the four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
Alter target site Antibiotic inactivation Altered metabolism Decreased drug accumulation
42
Explain why antimicrobial resistance is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and cost
There is more exposure to hospital pathogens causing more illness and more drugs
43
What are some gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria
E. coli, salmonella, Neisseria gonorrhoea
44
What are some gram-positive multidrug resistant bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus – MRSA, streptococcus pneumonia, Clostridium difficile
45
What are some micro bacteria that are multidrug resistant bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
46
Summarise the main approaches used to prevent hospital acquired infections and the emergence of drug resistant bacteria
Tighter controls, use for only dangerous infections, reduce use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, identify resistant strains quicker, combination therapy
47
What is active immunisation
Body making its own antibodies, gives memory cells, protected against future infection Natural – normal infection Artificial – vaccine
48
What is passive immunisation
Antibodies given directly, short lasting immunity, no memory cell production Natural – breastmilk and across placenta Artificial— snake anti-venom
49
Explain what a live attenuated vaccine is | Include eg
A whole virus with reduced Virulence Lifelong immunity Eg. MMR
50
Explain what an inactivated vaccine is | Inc eg
Dead form of the pathogen Long-lasting but not lifelong immunity Hep A, flu
51
Explain what A subunit vaccine is | Inc eg.
Strong immunity to the antigens in the vaccine Hep B
52
Explain what a toxoid vaccine is | Inc eg.
Injection of the toxins that causes the disease – no protection against pathogen itself Tetanus
53
Explain what a conjugate vaccine is | Inc eg.
The binding of a weak antigen to a strong antigen so that response to the weak antigen is bigger Pneumococcus
54
What does medical microbiology allow
Identifies a bacterial or viral infection and uses this to assign the most appropriate treatment
55
What fungal properties make them different to bacteria
They digest food extracellularly Spread via spores over large distances Eukaryotes Membrane-bound nucleus, cell wall, DNA
56
What are the mechanisms of action of antifungal drugs
Cell membrane – targets ergosterol production DNA synthesis Cell wall
57
Which antifungal drugs target the cell membrane
Polyene antibiotics | Anole antifungals
58
Which antifungal drugs target DNA synthesis
Pyrimidine analogues
59
Which antifungal drugs target the cell wall
Echinocandins
60
What is superficial mycoses Give a name example of this type of infection
A fungal infection on the outermost layers of skin/hair Times capitals/dandruff
61
What is deep mycoses Give a name to example of this type of infection
Infection via resp, GI, IV devices, catheter Coccidioides Immitis

Microbiology (2 decks)

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